1、 ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08)Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);Guidelines for determining the parts ofsatellite earth station antenna radiation patternsconcerned by the geostationary satellite orbit protectionfloppy3 ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 2 Reference RTR
2、/SES-00288 Keywords antenna, earth station, GSO, satellite ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Impor
3、tant notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the
4、 Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Infor
5、mation on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No pa
6、rt may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2007. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benef
7、it of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 3 Contents Intelle
8、ctual Property Rights5 Foreword.5 Introduction 5 1 Scope 7 2 References 7 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .8 3.1 Definitions8 3.2 Symbols8 3.3 Abbreviations .8 3.4 Mathematical formulas.8 4 GSO arc protection requirement.9 5 Aspects of the GSO arc 10 5.1 Aspect of the GSO arc from space .10
9、 5.2 Aspect of the GSO arc from an Earth Station (ES) 11 5.3 Aspect of the GSO arc from an ES antenna .12 5.3.1 Types of antenna mounts 16 5.3.2 Azimuth-elevation antenna mount without GSO tangent alignment 17 5.3.3 Azimuth-elevation antenna mount with GSO tangent alignment .24 5.3.3.1 General24 5.3
10、.3.2 Ideal case.25 5.3.3.3 Practical case of an antenna with a fixed polarizer .28 5.3.4 Equatorial antenna mount .35 5.4 Minimum longitude offset40 6 Mathematical analysis 42 6.1 Geographical coordinates .42 6.2 Earth station geographical coordinates.43 6.3 Satellite geographical coordinates43 6.4
11、Local coordinates .44 6.5 Satellite local coordinates.46 6.6 Other relationships between Satellite and ES coordinates47 6.7 Antenna Cartesian coordinates .49 6.8 Antenna polar coordinates52 6.9 Antenna Az-axis alignment 54 6.10 Az-axis alignment of an antenna with a fixed polarizer .56 6.11 Antenna
12、with equatorial mount 58 7 Axis alignment offsets and errors.60 7.1 Axis alignment errors with an azimuth-elevation mount60 7.1.1 General60 7.1.2 Case of no alignment of the antenna azimuth axis with i = 0 .61 7.1.3 Case of no alignment of the antenna azimuth axis with i 0 .66 7.1.4 Case of alignmen
13、t of the antenna azimuth axis.68 7.2 Axis alignment errors with an equatorial mount 69 8 Contour computation method.74 8.1 General .74 8.2 Case of 1 ES and 1 satellite 74 8.3 Case of ESs and satellites.75 9 Excel tool75 9.1 General .75 9.2 Cell colours 76 9.3 Constants 76 ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1
14、 (2007-08) 4 9.4 Buttons .76 9.5 Input data77 9.6 Functions and Subroutines .78 9.6.1 Function Azimuth().78 9.6.2 Function Elevation() .79 9.6.3 Function Phi_Az() 79 9.6.4 Function Phi_El()80 9.6.5 Functions Phi_cos_Alpha() and Phi_sin_Alpha().80 9.6.6 Function Inclination_with_Az_El_mount()81 9.6.7
15、 Function Inclination_with_E_field_alignment().81 9.6.8 Function Inclination_with_equatorial_mount() 81 9.6.9 Function Az_El_mount_alignment_error().82 9.6.10 Function Az_El_mount_with_E_field_alignment_error()82 9.6.11 Function Equatorial_mount_alignment_error() 83 9.6.12 Function Max_satellite_lon
16、gitude_offset().83 9.6.13 Subroutine GSO_external_contour() 83 9.6.14 Subroutine GSO_internal_contour().85 9.7 Output data and graphs.86 9.7.1 General86 9.7.2 GSO shadow for a given ES and a given pointed satellite86 History 88 ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 5 Intellectual Property Rights IPR
17、s essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or po
18、tentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carrie
19、d out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committ
20、ee Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES). The present document is intended to be used as a guideline to assist with the measurement methods of the compliance with the off-axis EIRP density limits for the protection of the GSO arc specified within the Harmonized standards applicable to satellite
21、 earth stations. The present document is intended to be cited in the harmonized standards as a non normative document, with its reference listed in the bibliography. The TR 102 375 Excel tool is contained in archive tr_102375v010201p0.zip which accompanies the present document. Introduction Most of
22、the harmonized European standards (ENs) applicable to satellite Earth Stations (ESs), prepared in ETSI by the TC SES, contain off-axis e.i.r.p density limits for the protection of other satellites on the Geostationary Satellite Orbit (GSO) and in its vicinity: within 3 north/south. These limits are
23、based on the relevant ITU-R Recommendations and Regulations such as ITU-R Recommendations S.728-1 1, S.580-6 2, S.465-5 3, S.524-8 4, ITU-R Resolution 902 5. For non-symmetrical antenna patterns around their main beam axis, the requirement for the protection of the GSO arc may be limited to the off-
24、axis directions towards the visible part of GSO arc. For verification of the conformance with the applicable EN of earth stations fitted with antennas with non-symmetrical patterns, it is necessary to provide guidelines for determining the parts of satellite earth station antenna radiation patterns
25、concerned by the geostationary satellite orbit protection. The purpose of the present document is to provide a method for the determination of the range of off-axis directions which could be oriented towards the visible part of GSO according to the following operational parameters: 1) the range of o
26、perational latitudes of the ES; 2) the minimum antenna main beam axis elevation; 3) the type of antenna mount used (e.g. azimuth-elevation, equatorial); 4) the alignment accuracy of the antenna mount axes; 5) the minimum offset angle, relative to the satellite position, on the GSO from which protect
27、ion of the GSO arc is required. ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 6 Within the present document: The GSO arcs is presented in various coordinate systems, e.g. geocentric for an observer far from the Earth, tropocentric for an observer located at the earth station, in a Cartesian coordinate syste
28、m defined on the antenna for an observer located at the antenna flange, in a polar coordinate system defined on the antenna which will be use to determine the plane containing the antenna main beam axis, concerned by the GSO protection. The contours of the mapping on the antenna radiation patterns w
29、here the shadow of the GSO arcs may occur, for various type of antenna mount. The coordinate system used within the present document (see figure 6) may be different from other antenna coordinate systems. In particular, the present document uses the x-axis as the antenna main beam axis instead of the
30、 z-axis. The effect of the alignment error of the antenna mount axes on the contours of theses mappings. The mathematical analysis used for the determination of the GSO shadow and the contours of the mappings. The description of a mathematical method for the determination of the contours. A presenta
31、tion of the Excel tool implementing the mathematical method and provided with the present document. The Excel tool provided with the present document has been developed on the base of the present document and may be used to obtain indicative results, but in any case neither ETSI, nor the ETSI techni
32、cal committee members who prepared and approved the present document and the tool are responsible of the errors which may remains nor for the direct or indirect consequences of those errors. ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 7 1 Scope The present document provides a method for the determination
33、of the range of off-axis directions which could be oriented towards the visible part of GSO according to the following operational parameters: 1) the range of operational latitudes of the ES; 2) the minimum antenna main beam axis elevation; 3) the type of antenna mount used (e.g. azimuth-elevation,
34、equatorial); 4) the alignment accuracy of the antenna mount axes; 5) the minimum East-West offset angle, relative to the satellite position, on the GSO from which protection of the GSO arc is required; and 6) in the case of an antenna designed for operation with a specific list of satellites, the mi
35、nimum distance of the antenna to the sub-satellite points at the surface of the Earth. These operational parameters are either: specified within the standard (e.g. the minimum antenna main beam axis elevation is equal to 7); or declared by the applicant; or indicated within the user documentation. 2
36、 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: 1 ITU-R Recommendation S.728-1: “Maximum permissible level of off-axis e.i.r.p density from very small aperture terminals (VSATs)“. 2 ITU-R Recommendation S.580-6: “Radiation diagrams for use as design object
37、ives for antennas of earth stations operating with geostationary satellites“. 3 ITU-R Recommendation S.465-5: “Reference earth-station radiation pattern for use in coordination and interference assessment in the frequency range from 2 to about 30 GHz“. 4 ITU-R Recommendation S.524-8: “Maximum permis
38、sible levels of off-axis e.i.r.p density from earth stations in geostationary-satellite orbit networks operating in the fixed-satellite service transmitting in the 6 GHz, 13 GHz, 14 GHz and 30 GHz frequency bands“. 5 ITU-R Resolution 902 (WRC-03): “Provisions relating to earth stations located on bo
39、ard vessels which operate in fixed-satellite service networks in the uplink bands 5 925-6 425 MHz and 14-14,5 GHz“. ETSI ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 8 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: an
40、tenna azimuth axis (Az-axis): direction towards the left hand side and parallel to the horizontal plane when the antenna is oriented towards the South antenna elevation axis (El-axis): direction parallel to the local vertical when the antenna is oriented towards the South with its main beam axis hor
41、izontal antenna main beam axis: direction where the antenna gain is maximum applicant: manufacturer or his authorized representative within the European Community or the person responsible for placing the apparatus on the market azimuth: angle of the projection of the considered direction on the loc
42、al horizontal plane with the local North direction elevation: angle of the considered direction with the local horizontal plane GSO vicinity: band within 3 of the GSO on the sphere of radius = 42 164 km around the Earth 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols appl
43、y: rad radian i the antenna azimuth axis inclination variation or equivalent value 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: Az Azimuth angle Az-El Azimuth-Elevation e.i.r.p equivalent isotropically radiated power El Elevation angle EN European st
44、andard (Norm) ES Earth Station ESV Earth Station on board a Vessel FSS Fixed Satellite Service GPS Global Positioning System GSO Geostationary Satellite Orbit ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-R ITU - Radio sector Lt Latitude SES Satellite Earth station and Systems TC Technical Committee
45、 VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal WRC World Radiocommunication Conference 3.4 Mathematical formulas For the purposes of the present document, the following mathematical formulas will be used: ab means “a“ equals “b“ by definition ab= means “a“ equals “b“ by a process of deduction, e.g.: 239xx = ETS
46、I ETSI TR 102 375 V1.2.1 (2007-08) 9 :ab= means “a“ takes the value of “b“, e.g.: : 2 2x x thevalueof xisincremented by=+ for any three vectors ,a b and cr rr: ()()() ()() ()() ()() ( )22.1.ab baa bbb b a babcabca ab b a b bbabccab= =+ =rr rrr rrr r r rrrrrrrr rr r r r rrrrrrrr(1) ()0010for xxfor x,
47、 the “sign of“ function, (3) ()()().sin02, :0 .cosxarad if aArcTan x y forrad if a ya =+ = (4) 4 GSO arc protection requirement Several ITU-R Recommendations and Resolutions specify off-axis eirp density limits for the protection of the satellites within 3 of the GSO arc as it could be seen within t
48、he following examples: The ITU-R Recommendation S.728-1 1 applicable to Ku band Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) recommends “that VSAT earth stations operating with geostationary satellites in the 14 GHz frequency band used by the FSS be designed in such a manner that at any angle specified bel
49、ow, off the main-lobe axis of an earth-station antenna, the maximum EIRP in any direction within 3 of the GSO should not exceed“ the specified values and for 2. The ITU-R Recommendation S.580-6 2 recommends design objectives for antenna radiation diagrams of earth stations operating with geostationary satellites which should be met for any off-axis direction which is within 3 of the GSO and for which: min 20 where min is a function of the antenna d
