1、 ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01)Technical Report Telecommunications and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking (TISPAN); Overview of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags in the telecommunications industry ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 2 Reference DTR/TISPAN-
2、08009-Tech Keywords equipment practice, ID, radio ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important noti
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6、 reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2006. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its
7、 Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 3 Contents Intellectual Pro
8、perty Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 3 Definitions and abbreviations.5 3.1 Definitions5 3.2 Abbreviations .6 4 RFID Technology Overview6 4.1 Types of RFID Tags.6 4.2 RFID Tag Characteristics.6 4.3 Standards Overview .7 4.4 Current Status of RFID in Other Industries7 4.5 R
9、FID relationship to other identification methods .8 5 Potential applications of RFID .9 6 Implementation issues 9 History 11 ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The inform
10、ation pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the E
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12、0 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Telecommunications and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking (TISPAN). I
13、ntroduction RFID is an automated technology used to gather information about a product, place, person or transaction, quickly and easily, eliminating human error. In general, it provides a link to data without the need to make contact with the item, without line of sight or in harsh or dirty environ
14、ments that may limit other auto ID technologies (e.g. bar codes and 2D symbols). It is a proven technology, in use for over 10 years in a cross section of applications, such as road telematics (e.g. toll paying systems), livestock identification, access control, retail product theft management, shop
15、 floor manufacturing, etc. ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 5 1 Scope The present document provides a technology and standards overview, lists some potential applications and presents some issues associated with implementing RFID in Telecommunications. 2 References For the purposes of this Tech
16、nical Report (TR), the following references apply: 1 ETSI TS 102 359: “Telecommunications and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking (TISPAN); Equipment Information in the Management Information Base (MIB)“. 2 ETSI TS 102 209: “Telecommunications and Internet converged Ser
17、vices and Protocols for Advancing Networks (TISPAN); Telecommunication Equipment Identification“. 3 ISO/IEC 18000 (all parts): “Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management“. 4 ITU-T Recommendation M.1400 (2004): “Designations for interconnections among operators netwo
18、rks“. 5 ITU-T Recommendation M.3320: “Management requirements framework for the TMN X-Interface“. 6 ISO/IEC 15961: “Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management - Data protocol: application interface“. 7 ISO/IEC 15962: “Information technology - Radio frequency i
19、dentification (RFID) for item management - Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions“. 8 ISO/IEC 15963: “Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Unique identification for RF tags“. 9 ISO/IEC 18001: “Information technology - Radio frequency
20、identification for item management - Application requirements profiles“. 10 ISO/DIS 17363: “Supply chain applications of RFID - Freight containers“. 11 ISO/DIS 17364: “Supply chain applications of RFID - Returnable transport items (RTIs)“. 12 ISO/DIS 17365: “Supply chain applications of RFID - Trans
21、port units“. 13 ISO/DIS 17366: “Supply chain applications of RFID - Product packaging“. 14 ISO/DIS 17367: “Supply chain applications of RFID - Product tagging“. 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Active
22、 RFID Tag: RFID tag that has its own power source Passive RFID Tag: RFID tag that does not have its own power source ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 6 Service provider: As defined in ITU-T Recommendation M.1400, A general reference to an operator that provides telecommunication services to Cus
23、tomers and other users either on a tariff or contract basis. A Service Provider may or may not operate a network. A Service Provider may or may not be a Customer of another Service provider (see clause 1.4.6 of ITU-T Recommendation M.3320). Equipment Supplier: Equipment life cycle (see TS 102 209 2)
24、 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: 2D Two Dimensional CPG Consumer Package Goods EI Equipment Identity MIB Management Information Base RFID Radio Frequency Identification 4 RFID Technology Overview This clause contains background informati
25、on on RFID. 4.1 Types of RFID Tags The following are type distinctions among RFID tags: Active or Passive - Active: contain their own power source. - Passive: do not contain a power source and, as such, are completely dependent on power from the RFID reader to activate them. Read only or read/write
26、- Read only tags: can be updated only one time. - Read/write tags: can be updated multiple times. 4.2 RFID Tag Characteristics RFID characteristics include: Memory size: determines how much information can be stored. Frequency: a variety of frequencies are available for different uses. Size: range f
27、rom thumbnail to brick. Antenna size: determines, with the power of the reader, the range at which the tag can be read. The relationship of each of these characteristics to the needs of the telecommunications industry will need to be understood. Some of these characteristics are standardized into RF
28、ID tag types in ISO/IEC 18000-n 3, where n denotes the tag type and detailed number of the ISO/IEC document describing that type. ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 7 4.3 Standards Overview The following lists some of the relevant standards with a brief description, if needed: ISO/IEC 18000 3: -
29、Part 1: “Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized“ - Determines the common parameters to be defined in an item identification air interface standard, the method and means of their definition and to provide a common format for their elaboration and definition. - Part 2:
30、“Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz“ - Specifies the physical layer for communications between interrogator and tag. - Part 3: “Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz“. - Part 4: “Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz“. - Part 6: “Parameters
31、 for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz“. - Part 7: “Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz“ - Defines the air interface for radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices operating as an active RF tag in this band for item management applications. ISO/IEC 15961
32、 6 - Specifies the air interface-independent data protocol. ISO/IEC 15962 7 - Specifies the overall process and the methodologies developed to format the application data into a structure to store on the RF tag. ISO/IEC 15963 8 - Describes numbering systems for the unique identification (unique ID)
33、of RF tags which is required as part of the write operation to RFID tags. ISO/IEC 18001 9. ISO/DIS 17363 10. ISO/DIS 17364 11. ISO/DIS 17365 12. ISO/DIS 17366 13. ISO/DIS 17367 14. 4.4 Current Status of RFID in Other Industries RFID implementations in other industries and their statuses include: Man
34、y industries use RFID already e.g. road tolls (VinPass). The pharmaceutical industry is investigating using RFID to tag prescription medicines. The retail/wholesale consumer products industry is trialing use of RFID tags for transport units and product packages, but not on individual products. ETSI
35、ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 8 800 0400 200 200200 2002006200 20041230 Number of CPG items tagged (billions) Number of CPG items tagged (billions) 2001 2021 2010 200Field tests Reusable asset tagging Trade unit tagging Item tagging 5Figure 1: RFID tagged objects in consumer package goods (CPG) -
36、 from EPC global presentation 4.5 RFID relationship to other identification methods RFID is one of a range of methods that can be used to identify an item. There are three major types of these identification methods: Human: a human reads a label on the item (package, card, chassis, etc.) and either
37、uses or copies the information found. This could display the EI (TS 102 209 2), manufacturers part number, a local ID, and/or another ID. Scanning: there are two major types of scanning technologies: i) Visual scanning 1) Linear bar code labels: these include the labels found today on a wide variety
38、 of retail and telecommunications products. 2) Two dimensional labels (2D): these labels can hold much more information in a smaller space than linear bar code labels. These are widely used today, for example, shipping companies (e.g. DHL, FedEx, United Parcel Service (UPS) and to encode information
39、 on government documents. Contents are normally encoded in a tag-value format according to ISO/IEC standards. ii) RFID scanning 1) Uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize and track it. 2) Does not require physical line of site for conta
40、ct between reader and the tagged item. Auto discovery: for items (e.g. cards, chassis) that are attached to the telecommunications network. Auto discovery can retrieve information from the MIB about that item. ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 9 Thus, RFID is simply one of a number of available
41、methods that can be used to identify items. Comparisons of these methods include: Visual scanning (i.e. bar codes labels and 2D labels) has obvious advantages over human. RFID can scan unseen items and can scan several items at a time (e.g. within a space (e.g. room, truck). For items that are attac
42、hed to the network and have MIB information available, this is the most efficient method. 5 Potential applications of RFID The most promising uses of RFID in the telecommunications industry fall into two primary areas: Product Identification and Tracking - Tracking of equipment type: RFID tags on te
43、lecommunications equipment (e.g. cards, chassis, test sets) could ease tracking and inventory of these items. In warehouses, RFID readers could track all items, eliminating the need for human data entry. - Tracking of individual items: RFID tags could also ease tracking of item serial numbers in the
44、 repair processes and other processes (e.g. warranties, asset tracking, etc.) Package and Shipment Tracking - For package and shipment tracking, manual entry and/or visual scanning could be eliminated, thus saving work and making records more accurate. NOTE: Data elements included in read-only RFID
45、tags would likely match those currently designed into 2D labels (e.g. per ATIS standards) and/or those defined as static (non-updatable) entries in the equipment MIB (TS 102 359 1). 6 Implementation issues While the potential for use of RFID shows a great deal of promise, there are a number of issue
46、s that need to be addressed prior to wide implementation. These issues include: Current costs for RFID tags are relatively high compared to other tracking solutions e.g. 0,40 for passive RFID Tags, and 32 for active RFID Tags. These are expected to decrease over the next few years. Migration costs f
47、or equipment suppliers and service providers. RFID tag size. Telecommunications cards are small and provide little space for tags. RFID Tags might be 25 mm square. Circuitry for a tag might be included on the card itself, but testing needs to be done to assure that there are no negative impacts on t
48、he equipment. The distance at which RFID tags are readable will need to be tested. Both small antenna size and proximity of metal materials will diminish the effectiveness of RFID tags. Introduction of RFID tags on equipment items in environments where other identification methods (either human read
49、able labels or bar code/2D labels) are used, require the need for process improvement analysis to determine whether to retrofit RFID tags on existing equipment. Interference with other equipment or requirements e.g. EMC, EMF. NOTE: Some testing has already shown that other transmitting devices (such as wireless phones) could adversely impact the operation of telecommunications equipment. ETSI ETSI TR 102 449 V1.1.1 (2006-01) 10 Different regional fre
