1、 ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11)Technical Report Electromagnetic compatibility andRadio spectrum Matters (ERM);Code of Practice in respect of the control, use and applicationof Ground probing radar (GPR) and Wall probing radar (WPR)systems and equipmentETSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 2 Refere
2、nce DTR/ERM-TG31A-0119 Keywords UWB, radar ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Indi
3、vidual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Docume
4、nt Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the cu
5、rrent status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reprod
6、uced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2006. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Member
7、s. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 3 Contents Intellectual Property R
8、ights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 3 Definitions and abbreviations.6 3.1 Definitions6 3.2 Abbreviations .6 4 Sensitive Radio Environments .6 5 Recommended practice 6 5.1 General .6 5.2 Operator practice 7 5.3 Site log .7 6 Product design guide 7 Annex A: Examples of applicatio
9、ns for GPR/WPR equipment and systems .8 A.1 General .8 A.2 Examples of the characteristics of GPR/WPR for frequencies up to 1 GHz8 A.3 Operational characteristics .9 History 10 ETSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present
10、 document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respe
11、ct of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the
12、existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
13、 Matters (ERM). Introduction The main objective of the present document is to set out a code of practice for the use and application of Ground probing radar (GPR) and Wall probing radar (WPR). Ground Probing Radar (GPR) uses Ultra Wide-band (UWB) signals, and is a well accepted geophysical method us
14、ed to explore sub-surfaces. This technique has been in existence for more than 40 years, and has many beneficial uses in science, engineering, surveying, and maintenance of structures. Wall Probing Radar (WPR) has a similar history and is primarily used in the analysis of structures. Examples of the
15、 application of GPR/WPR are set out in annex A of the present document. Unlike UWB communication equipment/systems GPR/WPR does not radiate the wanted/necessary signal into the atmosphere, but into the sub-surface or a sub-structure The only signals which radiate into the atmosphere are those radiat
16、ed /leaked from the structure/ housing of the GPR/WPR equipment and for best operating results these undesired emissions are kept to a minimum. This equipment is subject to the R EN 301 489-32 6, to cover the requirements of Article 3.1b (Electromagnetic compatibility). EN 302 066 Parts 1 3 and 2 4,
17、 to cover the requirements of Article 3.2 (Frequency spectrum management). ETSI does not produce harmonized standards to cover Article 3.1a (Safety requirements), as this is the responsibility of the standards body CENELEC, but the CENELEC Generic standard EN 60950 7 covering this subject may be use
18、d. It is important to note that although meeting the requirements of the R Short Range Devices (SRD); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods“. 4 ETSI EN 302 066-2: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range D
19、evices (SRD); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications; Part 2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 1: Common technical requirements“. 6 ETSI EN 301 489-32: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
20、Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 32: Specific conditions for Ground and Wall Probing Radar applications“. 7 CENELEC EN 60950: “Safety of information technology equipment (IT Equipment)“. ETSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 6 3 Defin
21、itions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Ground Probing Radar (GPR): radar device which uses Ultra Wide Band signals to explore sub-surfaces Wall Probing Radar (WPR): radar device which uses Ultra Wide Band signals
22、for the analysis of sub-structures 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility GPR Ground Probing Radar PRF Pulse Repetition Rate RCS Radar Cross-Section UWB Ultra Wide Band signals WPR Wall Probing Radar 4 Sensitiv
23、e Radio Environments The most sensitive radio environments are those where the safety of life, or a similar function may be threatened if interference occurs to a radio system. Generally the areas of most concern are: Airfields. Prisons. Defense establishments. Radio astronomy sites. When within 1,5
24、 km of these or other sensitive locations, GPR operators should be particularly aware of the potential for interference and may be required to log details of the equipment, application and measurements to be used prior to be given clearance to operate. In other locations the GPR operator may not be
25、aware of other radio systems, but should observe the recommendations of this Code of Practice at all times. For example, aircraft “en route“ systems that are not adjacent to airfields and may be screened by trees. Similarly a low flying aircraft may pass overhead at any time. 5 Recommended practice
26、5.1 General GPR systems are designed to radiate low level signals into earth materials, typically the ground, or in the case of WPR into the concrete, brick or stone of a civil engineering or building structure. The overall objective of the present document is to ensure that radiation is directed in
27、to these materials and not into the atmosphere. In order to realize this requirement care should be observed at all times when operating/using GPR/WPR equipment. There are also requirements in the organization of operations to allow potential interference incidents to be further investigated, and ac
28、tion on all parties involved to be agreed. It is recognized that it is important in the design of GPR/WPR equipment to ensure that the risk of interference to other radio services is minimized. Therefore while manufacturers have to meet set quantative performance standards, it is important that the
29、operator/user understands the operational requirements necessary to keep interference to a minimum. ETSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 7 The following clauses set out the recommended operator/user practice, site use, site log and operational goals. 5.2 Operator practice At all times operators/use
30、rs should ensure that they follow the manufacturers instructions and minimize the chances of stray radiation as follows: That the GPR/WPR equipment/system or its transmitter is only switched on when carrying out measurements. That the GPR/WPR equipment/system contains a deactivation mechanism as def
31、ined in EN 302 066-1, annex B 3 and EN 302 066-2 4, clause 4.2.3. That whenever practical, to ensure that the GPR/WPR operating face is in contact with a layer of absorptive earth or structural material of sufficient thickness and properties to absorb and dissipate the GPR/WPR low level radiation. T
32、hat prior to planned use of GPR/WPR equipment the user/operater should check that there are no sensitive radio sites/systems in the near vicinity ( airfields, radio astronomy sites,etc. ). These sites may be generally defined in the licence issued by the responsibly national administration. If these
33、 are present in the area, then liaison with the organization concerned should take place to obtain agreement, prior to any measurements being performed. 5.3 Site log A log should be kept for every occasion when the GPR/WPR equipment is used. The log should include as a minimum the following: The map
34、 reference of the location. Brief description of measurements performed. Details of equipment used (manufacturer, model, serial number, nominal frequency(s) of operation) including the antenna details. Time and date of the operation/measurements. Ideally the log should be kept in electronic format,
35、which is helpful in case of interference issues and is easily accessible by national government administrations responsible for administration of the frequency spectrum. 6 Product design guide Manufacturers should ensure that GPR equipment are wherever possible designed to limit the possibility of i
36、nterference to other radio systems and interference to the GPR systems from other equipment. Specifically all equipment coming into use should meet the requirements of the R this becomes particularly relevant at the higher frequencies. The low frequency VHF applications are mostly used to maximize t
37、he depth of penetration in open field sites where the target may be an interface between two strata and its RCS is not highly frequency dependent. UHF frequencies are employed against such targets as pipes and cables where the RCS at low frequencies may be too small but the ground attenuation is not
38、 excessive. Microwave frequencies are used to find smaller objects at short range; the attenuation of the ground may become excessive but the lower attenuation of man-made materials (concrete, brick, etc.) may be helpful. A.2 Examples of the characteristics of GPR/WPR for frequencies up to 1 GHz Tab
39、le A.1: Summary of typical technical characteristics of GPR/WPR Frequency range VHF (30 MHz to 300 MHz) Lower UHF (300 MHz to 600 MHz) Upper UHF (600 MHz to 1 000 MHz) Microwave ( 1 000 MHz) Typical PRF (Range) 50 kHz (50 MHz to 100 kHz) 100 kHz (50 MHZ to 500 kHz) 100 kHz (50 kHz to 2 MHz) 1 MHz (5
40、0 kHz to 10 MHz) Pulse width 5 s 2 ns 1 ns 1 ns Measurement BW and IF pulse width, Tw 100 kHz 10 uS 100 kHz 10 uS 100 kHz 10 uS 1 MHz 1 uS ETSI Technical Standard EN 302 066-1 3 Limit dBm/BW (PL) -44,5 (Quasi - Peak detector) -37,5 (Quasi - Peak detector) -37,5 (Quasi - Peak detector) -30,0 (Peak) E
41、TSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 9 A.3 Operational characteristics Table A.2: Summary of operational characteristics of GPR/WPR Attenuation characteristics of soil at various frequencies 100 MHz 10 dB/m to 30 dB/m 300 MHz 20 dB/m to 40 dB/m 500 MHz 30 dB/m to 60 dB/m 1 000 MHz (Equal or greater)
42、 40 dB/m to 80 dB/m Mostly used to maximize the depth of penetration in open field sites where the target may be an interface between two strata and its RCS is not highly frequency dependent. Geophysical - Geological, Mining, Foundations, Land Management and Agriculture. Employed against such target
43、s as pipes and cables where the RCS at low frequencies may be too small but the ground attenuation is not excessive Civil Engineering Inspection, Utility Mapping, Archaeology. Typical Application Used to find smaller objects at short range; the attenuation of the ground may become excessive but the lower attenuation of man-made materials (concrete, brick) may be helpful. Highway & Runway Inspection, Detailed Structural Inspection, Anti-personnel Mine Detection. ETSI ETSI TR 102 554 V1.1.1 (2006-11) 10History Document history V1.1.1 November 2006 Publication
