1、 ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Environmental impact of satellite broadband network; Full LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) TECHNICAL REPORT ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 2 Reference DTR/SES-00375 Keywords broadband, energy efficiency, environment, LCA
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7、itten authorization of ETSI. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2016. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTMand the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GP
8、PTM and LTE are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights 4g3Foreword . 4g3Moda
9、l verbs terminology 4g3Introduction 4g31 Scope 5g32 References 5g32.1 Normative references . 5g32.2 Informative references 5g33 Definitions and abbreviations . 7g33.1 Definitions 7g33.2 Abbreviations . 7g34 Requirements arising from relevant policies/legislation 8g35 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Over
10、view . 8g35.1 Life Cycle Stages 8g35.2 Scope and Boundaries 9g35.3 Key Input Parameters . 10g35.4 Assumptions and Approximations during the LCA . 10g35.5 Cut-off Rules 11g36 Life Cycle Assessment Method applied to Satellite Network 11g36.1 Variables and Assumptions 11g36.2 Raw material acquisition s
11、tage . 11g36.3 Production stage . 12g36.4 Use (Operation) 13g36.5 End of Life Treatment 14g36.6 LCA for complete Satellite Network 15g37 Results/Conclusions . 15g3Annex A: Case Study on Hybrid Satellite broadband 16g3A.1 General . 16g3A.2 Emission factors . 17g3A.3 Satellite payload and launch vehic
12、le 17g3A.4 Satellite gateway 18g3A.5 Intelligent Network gateway lifecycle parameters . 19g3A.6 User modem lifecycle parameters 19g3A.7 Intelligent user gateway 20g3A.8 Results 20g3History 24g3ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essentia
13、l to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified
14、to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (https:/ipr.etsi.org/). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to th
15、e existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES). Mo
16、dal verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI d
17、eliverables except when used in direct citation. Introduction The Energy efficiency of a satellite broadband network is addressed by ETSI TR 103 352 i.4 “Energy Efficiency of Satellite Broadband Network“. The present document carries out a full Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of a satellite broadband netw
18、ork considering all stages of the life cycle. ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 5 1 Scope Satellite Broadband Networks allow broadband services to be delivered to approaching 100 % of the population, even in remote areas, and can therefore be used to fill gaps in the coverage of other broadband
19、technologies. Satellite Broadband services can be offered to residential or business customers in a cost effective manner compared to other methods of services provision. The present document reviews the assessment of GHG emissions over the lifecycle of satellite broadband networks, and identifies w
20、hether additions are required to the full life cycle assessment methodology developed in ETSI TS 103 199 i.3. 2 References 2.1 Normative references As informative publications shall not contain normative references this clause shall remain empty. 2.2 Informative references References are either spec
21、ific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks include
22、d in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. i.1 Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG
23、 Protocol). NOTE: Available at http:/www.ghgprotocol.org/. i.2 Recommendation ITU-T L.1420: “Methodology for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment of information and communication technologies in organizations“. i.3 ETSI TS 103 199: “Environmental Engineering (EE); Life C
24、ycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment, networks and services“. i.4 ETSI TR 103 352: “Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Energy Efficiency of Satellite broadband network“. i.5 Guidelines to DEFRA/DECCs GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting. NOTE: Available at https:/www.gov.uk/govern
25、ment/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224437/pb13988-emission-factor-methodology-130719.pdf. i.6 ISO 14044:2006: “Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment - Requirements and Guidelines“. i.7 “Energy Efficiency“, EC FP7 Project BATS Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Sat
26、ellite Systems Deliverable D5.3. NOTE: Available at http:/www.batsproject.eu. i.8 “Cost Benefit Analysis“, EC FP7 Project BATS Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Satellite Systems Deliverable D5.2. ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 6 i.9 Ariane 5 ECA technical data. NOTE: Available
27、at http:/ i.10 Number of private households in Europe. NOTE: Available at http:/www.pordata.pt/en/Europe/Private+households+total+and+by+number+of+children-1615. i.11 Number of households in Croatia. NOTE: Available at http:/www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm. i.12 Number of households in Turkey. NOTE: See ht
28、tp:/www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15843. i.13 “EU Energy Trends to 2030“. NOTE: Available at https:/ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/trends_to_2030_update_2009.pdf. i.14 “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions“, details of the manufacture of liquid oxyge
29、n, IEA. NOTE: Available at http:/www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/tracking_emissions.pdf. i.15 Liquid hydrogen manufacturing conversion factor, US EPA, “Technical Support Document for Hydrogen Production: Proposed Rule for Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases“, page 2. NOTE:
30、Available at https:/www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/subpartp-tsd_hydrogenproduction.pdf. i.16 Chemistry of the solid rocket booster propellant. NOTE: Available at https:/ i.17 “Forecast emission factors for vehicles, Chapter 5: Reducing emissions from transport“. NOTE: Available
31、 at http:/www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/1785b-CCC_TechRep_Singles_Chap5_1.pdf. i.18 EU Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment Version 5. NOTE: Available at http:/iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/ICT_CoC/cocv5-broa
32、dband_final.pdf. i.19 European Parliament COM(2009) 7604 2009/2228(INI): “Mobilising Information and Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon economy“. i.20 Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Pariliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishi
33、ng a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. i.21 Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 200
34、9 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (Text with EEA relevance). i.22 Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of ene
35、rgy and other resources by energy-related products (Text with EEA relevance). ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 7 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: baseline scenario: hypothetical reference case th
36、at best represents the conditions most likely to occur in the absence of any environmental impact reduction measures cut-off: threshold below which part of a product, service or system can be considered insignificant and need not be considered by a LCA Emission Factor (EF): mass of a specified pollu
37、tant (e.g. GHG or CO2e) emitted divided by a unit mass, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant EXAMPLE: Number of kilograms of GHG emitted per kW of power generated or number of kilograms of CO2e emitted per km travelled. greenhouse gas: gaseous constituent of the atmos
38、phere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earths surface, the atmosphere and clouds greenhouse gas emission: total mass of a GHG released to the atmosphere over a specified period of time 3
39、.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ADSL Astmmetric Digital Subscriber Line BATS Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Satellite Systems CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2e CO2 equivalent (warming potential of other GHGs) CPI Communications and
40、 Power Industries DEFRA (UK) Department for Environment, Food a further 0,25 % of carbon emissions come from the production of ICT and consumer electronic equipment. As the range and penetration of ICTs increase, their overall energy use is growing“. The Communication went on to recommend the ICT se
41、ctor set itself an energy reduction target. In terms of carbon accounting, any organization (or indeed industry sector) is responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a number of ways, either directly by burning fuel or processing chemicals, through the purchase of energy from other sources, a
42、nd indirectly through its supply chain the use of its products. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a collaboration between the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD) i.1. It differentiates between these three different categories of emissions an
43、d refers to them as Scopes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Recommendation ITU-T L.1420 i.2 explains how ICT companies can apply this to their own operations. In line with this policy landscape, the European Union has issued a number of directives to foster energy efficient design of products: Directive 200
44、5/32/EC on 6thJuly 2005 i.20 establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products Directive 2009/125/EC on 21stOctober 2009 i.21 establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products. Directive 2010/30/EU on 19thMay 2
45、010 i.22 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products 5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overview 5.1 Life Cycle Stages ETSI TS 103 199 i.3 specifies the following life cycle stages applying to ICT Equipment, N
46、etworks and Services: a) Goods Raw material acquisition which is composed by: - Raw material extraction. - Raw material processing. b) Production which is composed by: - ICT Goods production. - Support Goods production. c) Use which is composed by: - ICT Goods Use. - Support Goods Use. - Operator su
47、pport activities. - Service Provider support Activities. ETSI ETSI TR 103 353 V1.1.1 (2016-07) 9 d) Goods End of Life Treatment: - Re-use. - ICT specific EoLT. - Other EoLT. If all these life cycle stages are not assessed, this should be stated when reporting. The LCA for a satellite broadband netwo
48、rk is described in the following sections. For all stages, the design operational lifetime is considered to be 15 years. 5.2 Scope and Boundaries Figure 1 (from ETSI TR 103 352 i.4) shows the main components of a 2 way service satellite network architecture suitable for providing broadband services. The boundary of the satellite system includes: The satellite composed of the payload and the platform. The satellite terminals composed of the antenna system (dish), the RF part (Power Amplifier, Low Noise Amplifier and filters) and the modem implementing the base band processing of the satellit
