1、 ETSI TR 103 395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) Smart Body Area Network (SmartBAN); Measurements and modelling of SmartBAN Radio Frequency (RF) environment TECHNICAL REPORT ETSI ETSI TR 103 395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) 2Reference DTR/SmartBAN-006 Keywords MAC, measurement, network ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Soph
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7、oregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2016. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTMand the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTE are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for t
8、he benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ETSI TR 103 395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) 3Contents Intellectual Property Rights 5g3Foreword . 5g3Modal verbs terminology 5g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g32.1
9、 Normative references . 6g32.2 Informative references 6g33 Symbols and abbreviations . 7g33.1 Symbols 7g33.2 Abbreviations . 8g34 Introduction and Background . 10g35 Coexistence 10g35.0 Introduction 10g35.1 Bands 11g36 Measurements . 11g36.1 Background Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notif
10、ied to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (https:/ipr.etsi.org/). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as t
11、o the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Smart Body Area Network (SmartBAN). Modal
12、verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliv
13、erables except when used in direct citation. 1 Scope The present document specifies the state-of-tharea network (SmartBAN) devices to properlyband. Interference appears to be one of the mathe same portion of the frequency spectrum. Tanalysis that need to be considered in order toFig2 References 2.1
14、Normative referenNormative references are not applicable in the2.2 Informative refereReferences are either specific (identified by dnonspecific. For specific references, only the referenced document (including any amendmNOTE: While any hyperlinks included their long term validity. The following refe
15、renced documents are not nuser with regard to a particular subject area. i.1 ETSI TS 103 326 (V1.1.Low Power Physical Layi.2 Void. i.3 IEEE 802.11TM: “IEEE Sinformation exchange berequirements Part 11: WSpecifications“. ETSI ETSI TR 103 396e-art and the future investigations on coexistence for alerl
16、y work and co-operate in the Industrial, Scientific and Major threats as well as coexistence with other existing sy. The present document describes the coexistence measurer t specify the requirements for the SmartBAN compatibleigure 0: Scope of a SmartBAN ences e present document. rences ate of publ
17、ication and/or edition number or version nume cited version applies. For non-specific references, the laments) applies. in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSot necessary for the application of the present document bu.1.1) (04-2015): “Smart Body Area Network (SmartBAN)La er“. E St
18、andard for Information technology-Telecommunicatitween systems Local and metropolitan area networks-ireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physi395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) r allowing smart body Medical (ISM) stems radiating in ements and ible devices. umber) or e latest version of the T I cannot guara
19、ntee t they assist the N); Enhanced Ultra-ations and Specific cal Layer (PHY) ETSI ETSI TR 103 395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) 7i.4 Valenta, V. (2010): “Survey on spectrum utilization in Europe: Measurements, analyses and observations“, 5th International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks
20、 Communications. i.5 ITU-R (2011): “ITU-R handbook for spectrum monitoring“. i.6 Report Recommendation ITU-R SM.2256: “Spectrum occupancy measurements and evaluation“. i.7 Report Recommendation ITU-R SM.2180 (2010): “Impact of ISM equipment on radio communication services“. i.8 Virk, M. H., Vuohtoni
21、emi, R., Hmlinen, M., Iinatti, J., Low Complexity Medium Access Control (MAC) for SmartBAN“. i.12 Matlab, Product help, R2011b. i.13 Yazdandoost, K.Y. and Sayrafian-Pour, K.: “Channel Model for Body Area Network (BAN),“ IEEE P802.15-08-0780-09-0006, 2009. i.14 Proakis, J.G.: “Digital Communications“
22、, McGraw-Hill, 2001. i.15 Griffin, A.: “Coding CPFSK for Differential Demodulation.“ University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand, 2000. i.16 IEEE 802.15.6 (2012): “IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks - Part 15.6: Wireless Body Area Networks“. i.17 Rahman M., Elbadry, M and
23、Harjani R.: “An IEEE 802.15.6 Standard Compliant 2.5 nJ/Bit Multiband WBAN Transmitter Using Phase Multiplexing and Injection Locking“ IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 50, No. 5, May 2015, pp. 1126 -1136. 3 Symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the
24、 following symbols apply: C Channel Number g1831g3036, E(.) Expected ValuefcCentre Frequency H0Null hypothesis H1Alternative Hypothesis i Channel IdentifierK Number of Samples Collected from the Band in One Sweep k Shape Parameter g1838g3552Maximized Value Of Likelihood Function n Number of Samples
25、Collected in the Channel g1841g3036Observed Value g1842g1832g1827g3005g3006g3020Probability of False Alarm g1842g4666g1850g3036g4666g1862g4667g4667 Sample Power j at Channel i T Number of SweepsETSI ETSI TR 103 395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) 8g1846g3004g3014g3006Threshold for Consecutive Mean Excision t Time
26、X Sample Space Significance Level g542g4666g4667 Gamma Function g2019 Arrival Rate g2020 Location Parameter g2026 Scale Parameter g2011 Noise Threshold g2029 shape parameter kThe log-normal variance of the measured data between path loss and K-factor pThe log-normal variance in dB around the mean, r
27、epresenting the variations measured at different body and room locations. This parameter will depend on variations in the body curvature, tissue properties and antenna radiation properties at different body locations. g28b/N0 Energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio h Modulation index Id
28、BImplementation losses in dB K0The fit with measurement data for the K-factor for low path loss KdBK factor of Ricean distribution in dB L Pulse length LslotLength of slotm Numerator of modulation index m0The average decay rate in dB/cm for the surface wave traveling around the perimeter of the body
29、 mkThe slope of the linear correlation between path loss and K-factor M M-ary number NFdB Noise figure in dB nkZero mean and unit variance Gaussian random variable npZero mean and unit variance Gaussian random variable p Denominator of modulation index P0The average loss close to the antenna P1The a
30、verage attenuation of components in an indoor environment radiated away from the body and reflected back towards the receiving antenna PbBit error probability PLdBPath loss in dB PPDUrepTimes of PPDU repetition Q( ) Q function R Data rate SdBmReceiver sensitivity Tmin Ts/Lslot 3.2 Abbreviations For
31、the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ACK Acknowledgement AIC Akaike Information Criterion ANL Average Noise Level ARA Antenna Research Associate AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BAN Body Area Network BCH Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem BER Bit Error Rate BIC Ba
32、yesian Information Criterion BLE Bluetooth Low Energy BPF Bandpass Filter BT BlueTooth CCA Clear Channel Assessment CCA-ED Clear Channel Assessment Based On Energy Detection CDF Cumulative Distribution Function CM Channel Model CO Channel Occupancy ETSI ETSI TR 103 395 V1.1.1 (2016-12) 9CSRR Clean S
33、ample Rejection Rate DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ED Energy Detection EGC Equal Gain Combining FBO Frequency Band Occupancy FCME Forward Consecutive Mean Excision FER Frame Error Rate FH Frequency HoppingGEV Generalized Extreme Value GEVD Generalized Extreme Value Distribution GFSK Gaussian
34、Frequency Shift Keying HI High Interference ICT Information and Communication Technology ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical ITU-R Telecommunication Union - Radio Communication Sector JPG Joint Photographic Experts Group KS Kolmogorov-Smirnov LI Low Interference LNA Low Noise Amplifier MAC Medium
35、 ACcess MATLAB Matrix Laboratory NOTE: A multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. A proprietary programming language developed by MathWorksTM. MC Measurement Campaign Med-FCME Median Forward Consecutive Mean Excision MLE Maximum Likelihood Estimate M
36、LSD Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detector MPDU MAC Protocol Data Unit MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging OBW Occupied BandWidth OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OYS Oulun Yliopistollinen Sairaala (Oulu University Hospital) PDF Probability Distribution Function PHY PHYsical layer PLCP Physi
37、cal Layer Convergence Procedure PPDU Physical-Layer Protocol Data Unit PSDU Physical-layer Service Data Unit RBW Resolution BandWidth RF Radio Frequency SA Spectrum Analyser SNR Signal-to-Noise RatioSOE Spectrum Occupancy Evaluation SRO Spectrum Resource Occupancy SSC Spatial Sample Clustering TC Te
38、chnical CommitteeTCME Threshold for Consecutive Mean Excision TLSD t Location-Scale Distribution TS Technical Specification UHF Ultra High Frequency UWB Ultra WideBand WBAN Wireless Body Area Network WI Work ItemWLAN Wireless Local Area Network WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks ETSI ETSI TR 103 3
39、95 V1.1.1 (2016-12) 104 Introduction and Background Modern medical and health monitoring equipment is moving towards the trend of wireless connectivity between the data collection or control centre and the medical devices or sensors. Therefore, the need for standardized communication interfaces and
40、protocols between the actors is required. This network of actors performing some medical monitoring or functions in this context is called a Smart Body Area Network (Smart BAN). Most emerging radio technologies for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) are designed to operate around the 2,4 GHz ISM
41、 band. Since both standardized (such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 i.3) and non-standardized (proprietary) devices use the same frequency band, interference may lead to significant performance degradation of medical (and other) devices operating in the band. The main goal of this work item (WI) is to
42、 describe the interference problem, and to highlight a coexistence framework for the medical information and communication technologies (ICT) to operate in a proximal environment. In the present document a synthesis of the problem of interference and coexistence around the 2,4 GHz ISM band is given.
43、 Measurements carried out in hospital and campus will be described in order to have a better insight on the problem. Then, the measurement campaigns exhaustively accumulated data in order to formulate a mathematical model of the interference at the channel in the 2,36 - 2,5 GHz band will be describe
44、d. 5 Coexistence 5.0 Introduction A number of use cases have been identified as potential scenarios for SmartBAN. These use cases serve as scenarios where the real channel occupancy measurements are needed. The environments to be considered for investigating the coexistence issues are such as: Hospi
45、tal Home Office Outdoor These cases include the typical environments where a patient wearing a SmartBAN system lives and stays. However, the present document is focusing on indoor environments only. Moreover, existing interferers are classified into two classes based on their usage of the spectrum.
46、Devices implementing the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique constitute one class of interferers that utilize a fixed channel in the band. Typically this channel is 22 MHz wide, although the width of the signal depends on the transmitters implementation. The second class of interferers
47、is represented by devices implementing a type of frequency hopping (FH) mechanism. Note that the IEEE 802.11 i.3 specifications include a frequency hopping technique that uses a deterministic frequency pattern. On the other hand, the Bluetooth specifications define a pseudo-random frequency sequence
48、 based on the Bluetooth devices address and its internal clock. While interference among systems from the same type, such as Bluetooth on Bluetooth, or IEEE 802.11 i.3 on IEEE 802.11 i.3, interference can be significant, it is usually considered early on in the design stages of the protocol (phenome
49、na is called as multiuser interference.) A third class can be included, which comprehend the devices using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. Therefore, the worst realistic interference scenario consists of a mix of heterogeneous devices, i.e. devices belonging to different classes. In evaluating the performance with respect to coexistence issues, variations in the operational environment need to be considered, including both the characteristics of the interfering wireless services and the radio
