1、 ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); GSM/EDGE Radio link management in hierarchical networks (3GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSRETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04)13G
2、PP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14Reference RTS/TSGR-0645022ve00 Keywords GSM ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Gras
3、se (06) N 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified wit
4、hout the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of
5、the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https:/portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your
6、comment to one of the following services: https:/portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETS
7、I. The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2017. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTMand the ETSI logo
8、are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTE are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0
9、(2017-04)23GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can b
10、e found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (https:/ipr.etsi.org/). Pursuant to the ETSI I
11、PR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword Th
12、is Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the correspond
13、ing ETSI deliverables. The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under http:/webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “shall“, “shall not“, “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ a
14、re to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04)33GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14C
15、ontents Intellectual Property Rights 2g3Foreword . 2g3Modal verbs terminology 2g3Foreword . 6g31 Scope 7g32 References 7g33 Abbreviations . 7g34 General . 7g35 Hierarchical networks. 8g35.1 General . 8g35.2 Cell types 8g35.2.1 Large cells . 8g35.2.2 Small cells . 8g35.2.3 Microcells . 8g36 Idle mode
16、 procedures . 9g37 Examples of handover and RF power control algorithms. . 9 g37.1 General . 9g3Annex A (informative): Example 1 (Siemens AG) . 10g3A.1 Introduction 10g3A.2 Functional requirements . 10g3A.3 BSS pre-processing and threshold comparisons. 11g3A.3.1 Measurement averaging process . 11g3A
17、.3.2 Handover threshold comparison process 11g3A.4 BSS decision algorithm 12g3A.5 Additional O 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
18、 updates, etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document. ETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04)73GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 141 Scope The present document gives examples for the Radio sub-system link control to be implemented in th
19、e Base Station System (BSS) and Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) of the GSM and DCS 1 800 systems in case hierarchical cell structures are employed. Unless otherwise specified, references to GSM also include DCS 1 800, and multiband systems if operated by a single operator. 2 References The following d
20、ocuments contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For
21、 a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document. 1 3GPP TS 03.22 (ETS 300 930): “Functions re
22、lated to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode and group receive mode“. 2 3GPP TR 03.30 (ETR 364): “Radio network planning aspects“. 3 3GPP TS 45.008: “Radio subsystem link control“. 4 3GPP TR 01.04 (ETR 350): “Abbreviations and acronyms“. 3 Abbreviations Abbreviations used in the present document are li
23、sted in 3GPP TR 01.04 4. 4 General ETS 300 911 (GSM 05.08 3) specifies the radio sub system link control implemented in the Mobile Station (MS), Base Station System (BSS) and Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) of the GSM and DCS 1 800 systems of the European digital cellular telecommunications system (Ph
24、ase 2). The present document gives several examples of how the basic handover and RF power control algorithm as contained in (informative) annex A to ETS 300 911 3 can be enhanced to cope with the requirements on the radio subsystem link control in hierarchical networks. A hierarchical network is a
25、network consisting of multiple layers of cells, allowing for an increased traffic capacity and performance compared to a single layer network. ETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04)83GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14The radio sub-system link control aspects that are addressed are as follows: -
26、 Handover; - RF Power control. 5 Hierarchical networks 5.1 General In a hierarchical, or microcellular network, traffic is supported on multiple layers of cells. Typically, a network operator could implement a layer consisting of microcells as a second layer in his existing network consisting of lar
27、ge or small cells. The addition of this second layer would improve the capacity and coverage of his network. In the present document the following naming convention is used for the different layers. For a network consisting of three layers the layer using the biggest cells is the “upper layer“, foll
28、owed by the “middle layer“, and then the “lower layer“ which has the smallest cells. For a network consisting of two layers, only “upper layer“ and “lower layer“ are used. The intention in a hierarchical network is to use the radio link control procedures to handle the majority of the traffic in the
29、 lower layer, i.e. the smallest cells, as this will limit interference and therefore improve the frequency reuse. However, a part of the traffic cannot always efficiently be handled in the lower layer. Examples are cases where the MS is moving fast (relative to the cell range), or where the coverage
30、 is insufficient, or where a cell to make a handover to on the same level may not be available fast enough (going around corners, entering/leaving buildings). 5.2 Cell types GSM 03.30 2 distinguishes between three kinds of cells: large cells, small cells and micro cells. The main difference between
31、these kinds lies in the cell range, the antenna installation site, and the propagation model applying: 5.2.1 Large cells In large cells the base station antenna is installed above the maximum height of the surrounding roof tops; the path loss is determined mainly by diffraction and scattering at roo
32、f tops in the vicinity of the mobile i.e. the main rays propagate above the roof tops; the cell radius is minimally 1 km and normally exceeds 3 km. Hatas model and its extension up to 2 000 MHz (COST 231-Hata model) can be used to calculate the path loss in such cells (GSM 03.30 2 annex B). 5.2.2 Sm
33、all cells For small cell coverage the antenna is sited above the median but below the maximum height of the surrounding roof tops and so therefore the path loss is determined by the same mechanisms as stated in subclause 5.1.1. However large and small cells differ in terms of maximum range and for s
34、mall cells the maximum range is typically less than 1-3 km. In the case of small cells with a radius of less than 1 km the Hata model cannot be used. The COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami model (see GSM 03.30 2 annex B) gives the best approximation to the path loss experienced when small cells with a radius
35、of less than 5 km are implemented in urban environments. It can therefore be used to estimate the BTS ERP required in order to provide a particular cell radius (typically in the range 200 m - 3 km). 5.2.3 Microcells COST 231 defines a microcell as being a cell in which the base station antenna is mo
36、unted generally below roof top level. Wave propagation is determined by diffraction and scattering around buildings i.e. the main rays propagate in street canyons. COST 231 proposes an experimental model for microcell propagation when a free line of sight exists in a street canyon (see GSM 03.30 2).
37、 ETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04)93GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14The propagation loss in microcells increases sharply as the receiver moves out of line of sight, for example, around a street corner. This can be taken into account by adding 20 dB to the propagation loss per corner, up
38、to two or three corners (the propagation being more of a guided type in this case). Beyond, the complete COST231-Walfish-Ikegami model as presented in annex B of GSM 03.30 2 should be used. Microcells have a radius in the region of 200 to 300 metres and therefore exhibit different usage patterns fro
39、m large and small cells. 6 Idle mode procedures GSM 03.22 1 outlines how idle mode operation shall be implemented. Further details are given in Technical Specifications GSM 04.08 and GSM 05.08 3. A useful feature for hierarchical networks is that cell prioritization, for Phase 2 MS, can be achieved
40、during cell reselection by the use of the reselection parameters optionally broadcast on the BCCH. Cells are reselected on the basis of a parameter called C2 and the C2 value for each cell is given a positive or negative offset (CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET) to encourage or discourage MSs to reselect that c
41、ell. A full range of positive and negative offsets is provided to allow the incorporation of this feature into already operational networks. The parameters used to calculate C2 are as follows: a) CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET; b) PENALTY_TIME; When the MS places the cell on the list of the strongest carriers
42、 as specified in GSM 05.08 3, it starts a timer which expires after the PENALTY_TIME. This timer will be reset when the cell is taken off the list. For the duration of this timer, C2 is given a negative offset. This will tend to prevent fast moving MSs from selecting the cell. c) TEMPORARY_OFFSET; T
43、his is the amount of the negative offset described in (ii) above. An infinite value can be applied, but a number of finite values are also possible. The permitted values of these parameters and the way in which they are combined to calculate C2 are defined in GSM 05.08 3. 7 Examples of handover and
44、RF power control algorithms. 7.1 General In the following annexes four examples of handover and power control algorithms are presented. All of these are considered sufficient to allow successful implementation in hierarchical or microcellular networks. None of these solutions is mandatory. The “Desc
45、ription of algorithm“ of each annex, contains a text as provided by the authors of the algorithm. Any discussion on the algorithms is contained in a separate clause, “Discussion of algorithm“. ETSI ETSI TS 145 022 V14.0.0 (2017-04)103GPP TS 45.022 version 14.0.0 Release 14Annex A (informative): Exam
46、ple 1 (Siemens AG) Description of algorithm Source: Siemens AG Date: 23.08.95 Subject: Fast Moving Mobiles A.1 Introduction This annex specifies an enhanced handover algorithm that may be implemented in GSM or DCS 1 800 hierarchical networks. In accordance with clause 5 of this annex a hierarchical
47、network is understood as a network utilizing large cells for the upper layer for wide area coverage, and a lower layer structure of small or micro cells for capacity reasons. For the sake of simplicity the algorithm is described for hierarchical networks consisting of two layers. Nevertheless the al
48、gorithm can be extended to a hierarchy comprising several layers. The algorithm is based upon the basic handover process, as described in GSM 05.08 3, annex A. Only differences and supplements to the standard algorithms are explicitly described. The aim of this annex is to show, how in hierarchical
49、networks useless handovers can be avoided by allocating the mobiles, according to their speed, to the appropriate cell type. This goal is achieved by steering the fast mobile stations to the upper layer structure (e.g. large cells), while ensuring that slow mobile subscribers are served by the lower layer structure (e.g. small or micro cells). A mobile station is considered as fast, if its sojourn time in a cell is short compared to a mean call holding time. An important aspect of this advanced algorithm is, that there is no implication
