1、 FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM BI 109-02 Date Action Revisions Rev. 2COLOR MEASUREMENT 1. Scope and Field of Application 1.1 Scope This objective method covers an instrumental comparison of a samples color against a reference by defining measurement conditions and measurement procedures for the me
2、asurement of effect colors. The aim is to instrumentally determine those color differences between sample and reference, which are caused by materials, processing, or which arise after testing of, e.g. aging. The measurement results are similar to those of the visual perception, but visual assessmen
3、t according to Ford Laboratory Test Method BI 109-01 will always override numerical measurement data and is compulsory for any type of appearance approval. 1.2 Field of Application The application differentiates solid (uni) and effect colors and is recommended, but not limited to the following mater
4、ials: Substrate Solid Colors (uni) Effect Colors Plastic - solids with or without texture - painted, excluding effect colors - foils, sheets 0: away from illumination). 2011 10 19 Revision Interior/exterior alignment for distribution within the specific region only (most be coded different to master
5、). Reference Approval A visual approval to either a master or regional standard to validate Design Intent and verify feasibility of specific materials. 2.5 Pile-Direction Sensitive A fabric that appears different after brushing over the surface with the hand. 2.6 Reference A master or any other phys
6、ical sample that the measurement of samples is correlated to. If only compared within a sample lot, the one sample is chosen to be reference that is visually closest to the idea/vision of the evaluator. 2.7 Structure Structures are imprints or regular sewing lines that generate locally different pil
7、e heights and therefore lead to visually perceivable contrast differences. FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM BI 109-02 Copyright 2011, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 3 of 7 3. Requirements 3.1 General The evaluator shall be trained on the instrument to be used by either the manufacturer of the eq
8、uipment, certified dealers or by Ford personnel. 3.2 Equipment & Maintenance 3.2.1 Equipment Requirements Measurements shall be made with spectrophotometers meeting the requirements of ASTM E805 (45/0 circumferential) as well as ASTM E2194-09 & ASTM E2539-08 (multi-angle with 45 illumination). The s
9、pectral resolution of the color measuring instrument shall be 10 nm maximum, uniformly distributed over the spectral measuring range from at least 400 - 700 nm. The repeatability of measurements shall be less than 0.05 E* CIELAB units for the white CERAM Color Standards Series II (CCSSII, formerly B
10、CRA Series II) tile. The inter instrument agreement shall be less than 0.2 E* CIELAB units for the average of the CCSSII tiles Daylight illumination (CIE Illuminant D65), Incandescent illumination (CIE Illuminant A) and Fluorescent three-band illumination (CIE Illuminant F11) shall be computable as
11、well as the respective metamerism indices (according to ISO/CIE 23603). 3.2.2 Instruments proposed Aligned with the differentiation of solid (uni) and effect colors, color spectrophotometers meeting the requirements of this method and therefore recommended are: Instrument Solid (uni) Colors Effect C
12、olors Master Konica Minolta CM-2500c CT Byk mac Secondary Byk Gardner spectro guide X-Rite MA98, 96, 94 3.2.3 Maintenance and Calibration Maintenance and calibration is of prime importance in providing constant and reliable measurements. The instrument has to be maintained and calibrated in accordan
13、ce with the instructions of the manufacturer of the equipment. The instrument shall NOT be calibrated NOR charged within a series of measurements. The instrument shall be calibrated at least every 8thhour and preferably just prior to the sample measurement, using the white and black calibration tile
14、s furnished by the instrument manufacturer. At regular intervals or with the 8thhour calibration measurement equipment monitoring needs to be performed and put down in a report. A green or cyan test tile is recommended for this purpose, which is usually provided by the manufacturer of the equipment
15、(alternatively, CCSSII tiles may be used). If the instrument exceeds a tolerance of 0.2 E* for the required temperature the manufacturer of the equipment or a certified dealer needs to be contacted for assistance and support. FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM BI 109-02 Copyright 2011, Ford Global Tech
16、nologies, Inc. Page 4 of 7 4. Conditioning and Test Conditions 4.1 Conditioning of Samples Before testing all samples have to be conditioned to equilibrium at 21 2C and 50 5% RH according to SAE J1767. Textiles are considered in equilibrium after 24 h of conditioning or when the change in mass at 2
17、h intervals does not exceed 0.2%. Other materials, such as plastics, do normally require to have reached above temperature range prior to evaluation. The pile-direction sensitive fabrics have to be brushed prior to measurement: first against the pile-direction (sample appears darker), then with the
18、pile-direction (sample appears lighter). For needle punch fabrics the clean, greaseless hand can be used, while all other pile-direction sensitive fabrics require a clothbrush with polyester monofilaments of at least 20 mm length and 0.25 mm thickness. Fabrics that are not pile-direction sensitive d
19、o not need to be brushed. 4.2 Test Conditions The sample and reference shall be visually checked for inhomogeneities in texture and gloss. The surface shall be free of dust, grease, contaminations or stains. All damaged areas that are no result of specific testing methods to be evaluated (e.g. scrat
20、ch tests, etc.) need to be excluded from the measurements. If there is a defined direction of the test piece (e.g. up and down), the sample and the reference shall be measured in the same direction. For translucent materials (e.g. fabrics, etc.) the substrate shall be chosen corresponding to the sub
21、strate of the finished part. All measurement areas shall be agreed amicability between all involved and measuring parties prior to the actual measurements. 5. Measurement Procedure In general measurements shall be made, if possible, at least 1 cm from the border of the sample, homogeneously distribu
22、ted over the areas to be evaluated, on untouched areas, in the flattest areas of the part and on areas of corresponding textures and gloss levels. 5.1 Measurement of Solid colors At least four single measurements, preferably more (e.g. 10 for fabrics) shall be made with 45 rotations of the instrumen
23、t after each single measurement to calculate the average value and standard deviation. For a successful assessment, make sure to exclude faulty measurements (e.g. trends, outliers, etc.), repeat or run additional measurements if the spread of the measurement results is large (An indicative value for
24、 a large spread is a standard deviation larger than E* = 0.15. Note: A spread in the measurement values can be the result of actual variations in gloss and color throughout the part.), study any other measuring results only after the measurement. 5.2 Measurement of Effect colors The illumination dir
25、ection of the measurement device has to be the same as the paint application direction. FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM BI 109-02 Copyright 2011, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 5 of 7 For a successful assessment, Byk-mac measure in SMC (Statistical Measurement Control) mode with 5 to 12 measure
26、ments and a limit of E* = 0.25. X-Rite MA98, 96, 94 measure in SMC mode with a limit of 12 readings and a SMC grade limit of 5.00. 6 Measurement Evaluation 6.1 Calculation of CIELAB values The calculation of CIELAB values also specifies the color difference in L*, a*, b* or L*, C* and H* respectivel
27、y. The CIELAB values and the color difference values shall be calculated in accordance with ASTM D2244 for D65illumination and 10 standard observer for each measurement angle . 6.2 Calculation of the color difference for Solid colors (excluding solid colored exterior paints) The CIEDE2000 color diff
28、erence E00(1:1:1) shall be calculated in accordance with CIE TR 142-2001for D65illumination, 10 standard observer. 6.3 Calculation of the color difference for Effect colors (including solid colored exterior paints) In respect to the application (paint batch application, paint line body, repair line)
29、 the appropriate color difference Eeff() shall be calculated in accordance with DIN 6175-2 for D65illumination, 10 standard observer for each measurement angle . In addition the root mean square (RMS) of the Eeff()-values for the 5 angles = 15 - 110 shall be calculated as the overall color differenc
30、e ERMS 15-110. Solid colored exterior paints only require the calculation for 45as45 solely. 6.4 Metamerism The metamerism indices MD65/Aand MD65/F11respectively shall be calculated for A and F11 illumination in reference to D65illumination, 10 standard observer, in accordance with ISO/CIE 23603 for
31、 either 45/0 circumferential or 45as45 geometry. 6.5 Result If the samples are referenced to a master and the measurement values - pass the agreed tolerances the result is approved INSTRUMENTALLY - fail the agreed tolerances the result is NOT approved INSTRUMENTALLY If the samples are NOT referenced
32、 to a master the result shall be evaluated according to the Ford method FLTM BI 109-01. 7 Report The test report shall include: 7.1 Identification a. for references & samples separately Name / Color, Application, D C C Code, Manufacturer, Technology, Material, Ident-#, Date issued FORD LABORATORY TE
33、ST METHODFLTM BI 109-02 Copyright 2011, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 6 of 7 7.2 Measurement Information a. Color Device Name, Serial Number b. Conditions Interval/Resolution, Geometry/Geometries, Observer, Area c. Gloss Device Name, Serial Number, Measurement Angle(s) 7.3 Measurement Data a.
34、references i. for each measurement angle L*, a*, b*, C*, h b. samples i. for each measurement angle L*, a*, b*, C*, h, L*, a*, b*, C*, H* & E00(Solid colors) or Eeff(Effect colors) ii ERMS 15-110(Effect colors) iii. MD65/A, MD65/F11iv. G according to FLTM BI 110-01 c. Result according to 6.5 of this
35、 method 7.4 Responsibility a. Ford representative & indication of evaluator (E) / approver (A) role in regard to the measurement b. Supplier representative & indication of evaluator (E) / approver (A) role in regard to the measurement 7.5 Comments a. other observations that have affected the measure
36、ment, e.g. gloss, stains, scratches, surface, structure, curvature, etc. b. any agreed deviation from this method, e.g. temperature, humidity, etc. c. the remark measurement in accordance with Ford method BI 109-02 8 Literature 8.1 List of References The norms and standards referred to in this metho
37、d are listed below. ASTM E284 Standard Terminology of Appearance ASTM E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials ASTM D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordi
38、nates ASTM E2194-09 Standard Practice for Multi-Angle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials ASTM E2539-08 Standard Practice for Multi-Angle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments BI 109-01 Visual Appearance Evaluation BI 110-01 Gloss Measurement of Paint Panels CIE TR 142-2001 Imp
39、rovement to Industrial Color-Difference Evaluation FORD LABORATORY TEST METHODFLTM BI 109-02 Copyright 2011, Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Page 7 of 7 DIN 6175-2 Tolerances for automotive paints Part 2: Goniochromatic paints ISO/CIE 23603 Standard Method of Assessing the Spectral Quality of Dayligh
40、t Simulators for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Color SAE J1767 Instrumental Color Difference Measurements for Colorfastness of Automotive Interior Trim Materials 8.2 Further Reading The sources taken into account for this method are listed below. SAE J1545 Instrumental Color Difference Measurement for Exterior Finishes, Textiles and Colored Trim
