1、Doc 9815 ANI447 Manual on Laser Emitters and Flight Safety Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority First Edition - 2003 I I n t e rn a t i o n a I Ci v i I Av i at i on Organ iza t i on Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with
2、 ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Published in separate English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the Znternational Civil Aviation Organization. All correspondence, except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to the
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14、adowmoss Road, Manchester M22 5LH 2/03 Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visual Training Aids Issued annually, the Catalogue lists all publications and audio-visual training aids currently available. I l . I I Monthly supplements announce new publications and audio-visual training aids, amend
15、ments, supplements, reprints, etc. Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Doc 9815 AN1447 Manual on Emitters and Laser Flight Safety Approved by the Secretary General
16、and published under his authority First Edition - 2003 International Civil Aviation Organization Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-AMENDMENTS No. Date The issue o
17、f amendments is announced regularly in the ICA0 Journal and in the monthly Supplement to the Caalogue of ICA0 Publications and Audio-visual Training Aids, which holders of this publication should consult. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. Entered by AMENDMENTS Entered
18、by I I I I is=$-$ RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA (ii) Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-FOREWORD Adequate lighting is necessary for all visual tasks. An exce
19、ss of light, however, can detrimentally affect vision to the extent of rendering it ineffective. In aviation, a pilot may experience high levels of lighting when flying into the sun or looking at very bright artificial light sources such as searchlights. The invention (in 1957) of the laser* is a si
20、gnificant addition to the known aviation-related problems associated with high-intensity lights. Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; this technique can produce a beam of light of such intensity that permanent damage to human tissue, in particular the reti
21、na of the eye, can be caused instantaneously, even at distances of over 10 km. At lower intensities, laser beams can seriously affect visual performance without causing physical damage to the eyes. There are, however, many useful applications of laser technology, such as high-speed automatic scannin
22、g of bar codes, laser printing, welding and cutting, micro-surgery, communication by means of fibre optics, recording of music, gyroscopes, light displays and the ubiquitous laser pointer used by lecturers worldwide. Lasers are associated with almost every aspect of modem life. Whilst protection of
23、the pilot against deliberate or accidental laser beam strikes has been of interest to military aviation medicine specialists for many years, it was only with the advent of the laser light display for entertainment or commercial purposes and subsequent accidental illumination of civil aircraft from s
24、uch displays that civil aviation medicine specialists have become more concerned. By 2001, many pilots had experienced incapacitation following accidental laser beam strikes. Over 600 incidents have been recorded worldwide, the majority of reports coming from the United States (see Chapter 4, page 4
25、-1 for a summary of two significant incidents). It may be expected that most civil aircraft laser beam strikes will be inadvertent, but powerful laser emitters that can be accurately targeted are now available at relatively low cost, so the possibility of malicious use of such devices in the future
26、cannot be ignored. In view of the increasing risk to flight safety posed by the more widespread use of laser emitters around airports, ICAO formed a study group in 1999 to evaluate the laser risk and consider whether new Standards or Recommended Practices (SAWS) were necessary. The study group consi
27、sted of experts in ophthalmology and vision care, light engineering and physics, flight operations and regulatory aviation medicine. These experts were nominated in part by four Contracting States: Canada, Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States and in part by the Aerospace Medical Association
28、 and the International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations. At the first meeting of the study group, documentation was presented indicating that there was considerable international concern that lasers might pose a significant and increasing risk to flight safety and that without ICAO action,
29、development of necessary controls in individual Contracting States would be inconsistent, insufficient or worse, non-existent. During 1999 and 2000, the Aviation Medicine Section of the ICAO Secretariat, with the assistance of the study group, developed the laser-related SAWS that are now included i
30、n Annexes 11 and 14 to the Convention. However, these SARPs do not provide the necessary practical guidance for implementation of relevant regulations in States. The study group, therefore, recommended that a manual be written focussing on the medical, physiological and psychological effects on flig
31、ht crew of exposure to laser emissions. The information and guidance material provided in this manual is primarily directed to decision-makers at government level, laser operators, air traffic control officers, aircrew, aviation medicine consultants to and medical officers of the regulatory authorit
32、ies, and doctors involved in clinical aviation medicine, occupational health and preventive medicine. The manual is aimed both at reducing -the need for regulatory authorities to seek individual expert advice and at reducing inconsistencies between Contracting States in the implementation of nationa
33、l regulations. * The term laser has more than one meaning, see Glossary. (iii) Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-tiv) Manual on laser emitters andflight safety In
34、 addition, it can be used to support training provided by operators to flight crew with respect to the effect of laser emitters on operational safety. It is recommended that the parties outside ICA0 would be appreciated. They should be addressed to: O information contained in Chapter 4, particularly
35、 in relation to preventative procedures, be included in the operations manual. The Secretary General International Civil Aviation Organization 999 University Street This manual contains information and guidance provided by the study group. Comments from States and other Montral, Quebec H3C 5H7 Canad
36、a Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-O a a TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Glossary . (vii) List of abbreviations. symbols and units . (xi) Chapter 1 . Physics of lasers .
37、1-1 1.1 Introduction to laser emitters . 1-1 1.2 Components of a laser 1-1 1.3 Types of lasers 1-2 1.4 Beam properties . 1-4 1.5 characteristics of materials 1-6 Chapter 2 . Laser hazard evaluation 2-1 2.1 Purpose 2-1 2.2 Background . 2-1 2.3 Accessible emission limit (AEL) 2-1 2.4 Laser hazard clas
38、sification . 2-2 2.5 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD) . 2-2 2.6 Optical density (OD) . 2-3 2.7 Other factors 2-3 Chapter 3 . their hazards to flight operations . 3-1 Laser beam bioeffects and 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 The hazard . 3-1 3.3 Biological tissue damage mechanisms . 3-2 3.4 Theskin . 3
39、-4 3.5 Theeye 3-5 3.6 Ocular laser beam damage terminology . . 3-8 3.7 Laser beam bioeffects 3-8 3.8 Laser beam bioeffects and air operations . 3-10 3.9 Thefuture 3-15 3.10 Medical evaluation of laser beam incidents . 3-15 Page Chapter 4 . Operational factors and training of aircrew 4-1 4.1 Backgrou
40、nd 4-1 4.3 Orientation in flight 4-2 4.2 Situational awareness . 4-2 4.4 Preventative procedures . 4-3 Chapter 5 . Airspace safety . 5-1 5.1 General 5-1 5.3 Aeronautical assessment 5-4 5.4 Control measures 5-5 5.5 Determinations 5-5 5.6 Incident-reporting requirements . 5-7 5.2 Airspace restrictions
41、 5-1 Chapter 6 . Documentation of incidents after suspected laser beam illumination 6-1 6.1 Background 6-1 6.2 Procedures . 6-1 6.3 Documentation 6-1 Chapter 7 . Medical examination following suspected laser beam illumination 7-1 7.1 General 7-1 7.2 Procedures . 7-1 Appendix A . Notice of proposal t
42、o conduct outdoor laser operation) A-1 Appendix B . report and suspected laser beam exposure questionnaire B-1 Suspected laser beam incident Appendix C . Amsler grid testing procedure . C-1 Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo re
43、production or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-GLOSSARY Note.- The definitions of the terms listed below are based on a pragmatic approach. The terms dejned are therefore limited to those actually used in this manual. This listing is not intended to constitute a dictionary of terms us
44、ed in the laserfield as a whole. Absorption. Transformation of radiant energy to a different form of energy (usually heat) by interaction with matter. Accessible emission lim (AEL). The maximum accessible emission power or energy permitted within a particular laser class. . Accessible radiation. Opt
45、ical radiation to which the human eye or skin may be exposed in normal usage. Actinic radidon. Electromagnetic radiation in the visible and ultraviolet part of the spectrum capable of producing photochemical changes. Aerodrome reference point (ARP). The designated geographical location of an aerodro
46、me. After-image. An image that remains in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light. Attenuation. The decrease in the laser beam power or energy as it passes through an absorbing or scattering medium. Average power. The total energy imparted during exposure divided by the exposure duratio
47、n. Aversion response. Closure of the eyelid or movement of the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant or bright light. In laser safety standards, the aversion response (including blink reflex time) is assumed to occur within 250 milliseconds (0.25 s). Beam. A collection of rays that may be
48、 parallel, divergent or convergent. Beam diameter. For the purpose of this manual, the beam diameter is the radial distance across the centre of a laser beam where the irradiance is l/e times the centre- beam irradiance (or radiant exposure for a pulsed laser). Beam waist. The minimum dimension of a
49、 cross section of the beam. Buffer angle. An angle added to the beam divergence or intended laser projection field in order to ensure a protection zone. Buffer zone. A volume of air surrounding the laser beam, all potential locations of the laser beam and all hazardous diffuse or specular reflections, where the maximum permissible exposure (MPE)
