1、Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or ne
2、tworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Published in separate English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the International Civil Aviation Organization. All correspondence, except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to the Secretary General. Orders should be s
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18、d annually, the Catalogue lists all publications and audio-visual training aids currently available. Monthly supplements announce new publications and audio-visual training aids, amendments, supplements, reprints, etc. Available free from the Document Sales Unit, ICAO. Copyright International Civil
19、Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-FOREWORD PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to provide operational information to Contracting States wishing to introduce new larger aeroplane (NLA) op
20、erations on existing aerodromes having precision approach runways category I, II or III. The information is based on the results of an aeronautical study conducted by the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) investigating the probability of collision during a balked landing for code l
21、etter F aeroplane operations at code letter E aerodromes. The aeronautical study primarily investigated the dimensions of-the obstacle limitation balked landing surfaces and the obstacle free zone (OFZ) described in Table A-I in Appendix A. The FAA Balked Landing Study Programme focused on the risk
22、analysis and probability of collision using balked-landing-type scenarios for NLAs, .e. code letter F aeroplane operations. Studies were performed for both autopilot-coupled and flight director operations. The autopilot study used both flight simulator testing and computer simulations and generated
23、the following outcomes: a) Iso-probability contours used to assess the impact of obstacles based on their distance from the runway centre line at any specific point along the length of the runway; b) Data projecting excursions (lateral displacement from centre line) for NLAs based on a wide range of
24、 flight profiles; c) Airport elevation considerations; and d) Additional elements that were identified as operationally pertinent to the risk analysis of existing aerodromes. For flight director flown approaches, a mature, validated pilot model was not available for the computational process used fo
25、r the autopilot study. Therefore, the risk of penetrating the Code E OFZ was evaluated using a statistical methodology known as Extreme Value Analysis (EVA). The process is explained in Chapter 7, Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) of Flight Simulator Data, in Part II of this circular. The study focused o
26、n the investigation of code letter F aeroplane operations at existing aerodromes. The code letter “F is found in Table A-2 in Appendix A and is a designation reference for aerodromes serving the operation of aeroplanes with wingspans of 65 m up to but not including 80 m. In addition, Annex 14 - Aero
27、dromes, Volume I - Aerodrome Design and Operations contains Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for runways, taxiways and taxiway minimum separation distances related to code letter F aeroplane operations. It also prescribes the physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
28、 provided for at aerodromes with aerodrome reference code letter F as shown in Table A-?. This circular provides operational information that addresses runway to taxiway minimum separation distances and obstacle limitation surfaces referenced in Table A-I in Appendix A of this circular. This is in a
29、ccordance with Recommendation 3.9.7 and Note 1 in Annex 14, Volume I (Fourth Edition), which states that “ . it may be permissible to operate with lower separation distances at an existing aerodrome if an aeronautical study indicates that such lower separation distances would not adversely affect th
30、e safety or significantly affect the regularity of operations of aeroplanes“. Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-(ii) ICA O Circular 301 -A NA 74 Recommendation
31、3.9.7 also references Doc 9157 - Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2 (Fourth Edition, 2005) for obtaining information on the factors that may be considered in an aeronautical study and as such was used in conducting the FAA study and in outlining its objective and scope. Paragraph 1.2.29 of the manual s
32、tates “The prime objective of an aeronautical study is to assess the adequacy of the protection provided by the existing layout for the operation of the critical aircraft .”. Paragraph 1.2.32 states “An aeronautical study will consist essentially of a risk analysis based on pertinent criteria to ass
33、ess: a) probability of collision; b) probability of run-off; and c) risk of engine ingestion”. It is expected that the outcome of this study will assist Contracting States in conducting similar aeronautical studies. It should be noted that risks and responsibility rest with the Contracting State in
34、accordance with the Chicago Convention. OUTLINE This circular is divided into two parts. Part I should be consulted for an executive summary of the study. It contains three chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and describes the purpose and objectives of the study. Chapter 2 provides the stud
35、y overview. Chapter 3 contains guidance material on how the study findings might be implemented in an operational environment. It also provides guidance material for taxiing aircraft and air traffic services (ATS) in light of the findings from the simulations. The technical details concerning the st
36、udy are found in Part II, which is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides background information on the history and description of ICAO obstacle limitation surfaces. Chapter 2 provides examples of actual balked-landing-type events as recorded in ICAO and FAA database records. The database r
37、ecords and the FAA Aviation Safety Statistical Handbook were useful sources of information employed in the design of balked landing scenarios for the NASA Ames simulator trials. A description of the findings from the trials conducted on a 747-400 simulator provided by the Crew Vehicle Systems Resear
38、ch Facility located at the NASA Ames Research Center in the United States, and for those on the A340-300 simulators at Airbus in Toulouse, France, and the Zentrum fr Flugsimulation Berlin GmbH (ZFB) located at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany, is found in Chapter 3. Volunteer airline crew
39、s who were current and certified to fly the relevant type performed these trials at NASA and ZFB. Airline crews and Airbus training personnel with airline experience were used in the Toulouse simulator. The knowledge gained from the simulator trials was used to specify inputs for the Monte Carlo com
40、puter simulation of the auto-coupled balked landing scenarios and for direct input to the EVA of flight director guided operations. Chapters 4 to 6 discuss the Monte Carlo computer simulation study. Chapter 4 is a statistical analysis of pilot response time data observed in the NASA Ames simulator f
41、acility. The analysis provides the basis for statistical distributions used in the Monte Carlo simulation describing the delays in pilot response while executing the go-around procedure during a balked landing. Chapter 5 describes the details on the wind model information that was used in the simula
42、tions. It is based on data collected from 40 airports where new larger aeroplanes are expected to land and take-off. 1. The Monte Carlo method, also called Monte Carlo analysis, is a means of statistical evaluation of mathematical functions using random examples. Copyright International Civil Aviati
43、on Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ICAO Circular 301-ANA 74 (iii) Chapter 6 provides study details on the findings from the computer simulations based on the use of the autopilot in the approach, a
44、nd on the A340 autoland simulator validation process. The iso-probability contours generated from this study can serve as useful information for assessment of the balked landing obstacle limitation surfaces for autopilot operations. Chapter 7 describes the extreme value analysis used for conducting
45、a statistical study of the flight tracks produced from airline crews conducting balked landings in flight simulator facilities at NASA Ames and at Airbus and ZFB. The selected EVA method uses a non-parametric extrapolation technique for estimating the probability of an aircraft infringing on the obs
46、tacle limitation surfaces. A subsequent circular will discuss the use of a simulated model of a pilot flying an approach receiving guidance from a flight director in the modeling effort with application to the collision risk model. The appendices provide background material relating to the aeronauti
47、cal study. Appendix A provides reference data, including aeroplane dimension data, a comparison of ICAO and FAA aerodrome reference codes and design standards, and tables and figures on the obstacle limitation surfaces. Appendix B contains the FAA and the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) wind model
48、for approach and landing simulation. Appendix C is a description of the ASAT tool. Appendix D is a description of the 747-400 Integrated Aircraft Configuration. Appendices E and F include information bulletins provided by the NASA Ames and ZFB simulator test facilities. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Boeing Company D. David Anderson Matthew J. Aslin Brad Bachtel Dean Billheimer Jim Boone Sergei Boris (Moscow) Nick Bull Jesus Casanove Robert Davis Karen Dix Yaghoob Ebrahimi Michael G. Friend Edward Gervais Hans Hoermann (Madrid) B. Duane Jackson William Jenkinson Kaz Konya Willis Krie
