1、IES DG-4-14Design Guide for Roadway Lighting MaintenanceIES DG-4-14IES Design Guide forRoadway Lighting MaintenancePublication of this Design Guide has been approved by the IES. Suggestions for revisions should be directed to IES. IES DG-4-14Copyright 2014 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of
2、North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, February 24, 2014, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written pe
3、rmission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any er
4、rors are noted in this document, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-287-7DISCLAIMERIES
5、publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the
6、process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any natur
7、e whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of a
8、ny person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable ca
9、re in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of comp
10、liance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES DG-4-14Prepared by:Subcommittee on Lighting Maintenance and Light SourcesOf the IES Roadway Lighting CommitteeJ. Hart, Subcommittee Chair
11、K. Molloy, Vice ChairJ. Andrew Bloomfield, SecretaryRoadway Lighting CommitteeN. Dittman, ChairA. Silbiger, Vice ChairE. Morel, TreasurerW. Smelser, SecretaryM. AitkenheadJ. BuraczynskiD. BurroughsB. ChauP. ContosJ. DoyleT. FenimoreR. Harvey*W. HughesR. JonesD. OkonR. RainerP. ReedS. Rhea*A. Silbige
12、rJ. SimardC. Thomas*V. WaightG. Westergren*AdvisoryM. AitkenheadB. AnanthanarayananC. AndersenS. Annoh*J. ArmstrongP. ArumugasaamyT. BakerJ. BastianpillaiJ. BloomfieldP. Box*R. Bradford*S. BraunM. BucciJ. Buraczynski*K. BurkettE. Cacique*C. ChadwickB. Chau*G. ChelvanayagamA. Cheng* J. Cheung*V. Cimi
13、noR. ClearP. Contos*S. Coyle*Charles Craig*D. CrawfordM. Cunningham*J. Degnan*J. DoyleM. DudasM. FeeT. FenimoreJ. Frazer*M. FreedmanM. Gabriel*R. GibbonsR. GuptaG. Harlow*J. HartJ. Harvey*R. HarveyG. Hauser*J. Havard*W. HughesD. Husby*J. Jiao*M. Janoff*J. Jewell*R. Jones*J. Josefowicz*R. KauffmanD.
14、KeithE. KramerJ. KrollM. Kurtz*C. Kwong*S. LansfordL. LeetzowO. Letamendi*R. LeVere*J. Levy*I. LewinT. Li*D. Line*L. Livingston*P. Lutkevich*M. MaltezosM. Mayer*J. McCormick*S. McKnight*D. McLean*J. Meyers*J. Mickel*C. Miller*K. Molloy*D. MonahanC. Mondesir*J. Mugivan*K. NegashH. Odle*D. Okon*B. Owe
15、n*D. Paulin*M. Pearse*C. Pekar*P. Phillips*L. RadetskyR. RainerP. ReedP. SabauR. Schwab*C. Shaflik*B. Shelby*J. Simmers*L. SmithM. Smolyzansky*F. Stohl*R. Topalova*A. Weaver*S. Wentworth*S. SpitulskiR. StarkR. StemprokM. TedescoP. Van Der PolR. VincentV. Waight*J. WeaverS. WegnerR. YeagerAdvisory Me
16、mbers*Honorary Members*IES DG-4-14IES DG-4-14Contents1.0 Introduction.12.0 Factors Affecting Maintenance.12.1 Lamp Life 12.2 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) .3
17、2.4 Basic Relamping Practices and Choices .4 2.5 Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 Leveling, Alignment, and Socket Settings.52.7 Obstruction of Light and Photocontrols by Folia
18、ge 52.8 Luminaires, Components, and Accessories .72.9 Controls .72.9.1 Photocontrols dusk to dawn 72.9.2 Part Night Photocontrols.72.9.3 Networked Monitoring and Control Systems .73.0 Lamp Failure Modes83.1 Incandescent Lamp Failure .83.2 Metal Halide Lamp Failure 83.3 High Pressure Sodium Lamp Fail
19、ure.83.4 Low Pressure Sodium Lamp Failure .83.5 Light Emitting Diode Failure 84.0 Troubleshooting Repair, and Replacement.84.1 Information Gathering .84.2 Basic Inspection Procedure when Responding to a Luminaire Malfunction Report .94.3 Procedures for Night Patrol Service94.4 Troubleshooting Guide
20、for HPS Luminaires and Photocontrols 94.4.1 Scope .94.4.2 Summary of Possible Actions (Assumes daylight troubleshooting) .95.0 Pole and Luminaire Materials .106.0 Paint/Coating.117.0 Safety .117.1 General .117.1.1 Fundamental Principals 117.1.2 Procedures before beginning work .117.2 Electrical12 7.
21、3 Equipment 127.3.1 General .127.3.2 Designated Signaler .127.4 Traffic Control .127.5 Environmental Protection and Health and Safety Hazards127.5.1 Environmental Protection .127.5.2 Health and Safety Hazards12IES DG-4-148.0 Vibration 139.0 Conventional Lighting Systems .13 9.1 General .139.2 Preven
22、tative Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9.3 Corrective Maintenance .1310.0 High Mast Lighting Systems1310.1 General .1310.2 Preventative Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1310.2.1 Raising and Lowering System .1310.2.2 High Mast Pole .1410.3 Corrective Maintenance .1411.0 Tunnel Lighting Systems.1411.1 General .1411.2 Tunnel Luminaire Maintenance.1411.2.1 Luminaire Cleaning1411.2.2 Luminaire Relamping 1411.2.3
24、 Luminaire Replacement 1511.3 Tunnel Washing1511.4 Maintenance of Photocontrols .1512.0 Worker Training and Safety .1513.0 Methods of Contracting1514.0 Disposal of Components.1615.0 New Sources and Components .1616.0 Economics.1616.1 Light Loss Factors .1616.2 Record Keeping1616.3 Group versus Spot
25、Relamping .1716.4 Maintenance Budgets.1716.5 Energy Costs1717.0 Maintenance Management System Guidelines 1717.1 Function Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817.2 Record Keeping Requirements.1817.3 Materi
26、al Requirements 1817.4 Equipment Requirements .1817.5 Operations 19Annex A Roadway Lighting Operations and Maintenance19Annex B Equipment Testing .24Definitions24Bibliography 251IES DG-4-141.0 INTRODUCTIONThe primary purpose of roadway lighting is to pro-vide a safe nighttime environment for vehicul
27、ar and pedestrian traffic. For a lighting system to operate at maximum effectiveness, the lighting system mainte-nance should be considered and included during the system design process. Once a system has been designed and installed, proper maintenance then becomes essential to the reliability and c
28、ontinued high performance of the roadway lighting system.Like any lighting system, a roadway lighting system is subject to performance degradations. Exposure to the unfriendly outdoor environment makes timely system maintenance of paramount importance. If a roadway lighting system is not properly ma
29、intained, safety may be compromised in addition to the increased costs of deferred maintenance. The cost/benefit relationship of proper system main-tenance should be determined by the individual owner based upon the needs for, and commitment to, system reliability. The purpose of this guide is to pr
30、ovide the designer and owner with an understand-ing of maintenance problems and procedures so that sound decisions can be made on maintenance practices that are appropriate for a roadway lighting system.2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING MAINTENANCEThe following operational factors affect the perfor-mance of a R
31、oadway Lighting Maintenance Program.2.1 Lamp LifeThe rated lamp life of HID lamps is the total operat-ing time at which, under normal operating condi-tions, 50% of any large group of initially installed lamps is expected to have failed. This is a statisti-cally determined estimate of median operatio
32、nal life. For HID lamps used in most roadway applications, the rated life is based on the life performance of a large representative group of lamps usually operat-ing 10 hours or more per start under controlled elec-trical, thermal, and mechanical conditions.Rated life is based on the survival of 50
33、% of the lamps and thus allows for individual lamps to vary considerably from this value. Manufacturers lamp mortality or survival curves indicate the average lamp failures that can be expected at any per-centage of rated life. These curves are useful in establishing a relamping schedule, which may
34、be part of the total maintenance program. Rated life is stated in hours; it is expected that 50% of the lamps will remain operational at that stated point in time. In a real world system, other factors can affect life. Lamp mortality curves for all light sources are available and can be obtained dir
35、ectly from lamp manufacturers.For discharge lamps it is important to understand not only rated life but also the manner in which such lamps perform over their life. For example, high-pressure sodium lamps can be expected to cycle on and off signaling the end of their life. If cycling lamps are not r
36、eplaced promptly, ignitor and/or bal-last failure could result. This illustrates the need for replacing discharge (HID) lamps before the end of their rated life so that the designed-for illumination levels are maintained and the number of outages is reduced. Technology advances now make non-cycling
37、HPS systems available.Factors that affect the life of all commercial dis-charge lamps i.e., high-pressure sodium (HPS), low-pressure sodium (LPS), metal halide (MH) include: Installation (i.e., mechanical mounting of the equipment) and vibration control Luminaire design and operating characteristics
38、 Lamp operating wattage Lamp ambient temperatures Ballast characteristics Line voltage Burning hours per startSolid state sources with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) do not presently have a rated life as other sources do. LEDs rarely completely extinguish (“burn out”) as discharge and filament sources
39、 do. Their rated life can be defined as when the lumen output reaches 70%, known as L70, (or any specified percentage) of initial output. Usually LED manufacturers provide LED lumen maintenance information (See Section 2.2), but this is not LEDs rated life. Statistical infor-mation on failure rates
40、(e.g., B50, B10) should be provided for LEDs, in order to obtain rated life.2.2 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)During their lifetime, the lumen output of most lamps gradually diminishes. This gradual reduction in light output with burning time is called lamp lumen depre-ciation (LLD). Lamp lumen maint
41、enance curves rep-resent percentages of “initial” (first 100 hrs) or rated light output at any specific operating time. These life test lamps for HID are operated on the basis of 10 hours or more per start on ballasts of specified electrical characteristics.2IES DG-4-14When applying these curves as
42、a reference, the user should be aware that some or all of the following fac-tors may change the resultant initial and maintained light output characteristics from those shown (see Figure 1a,b,c): Lamp current crest factor for the (type of) ballast to be used The lamp position in the luminaire The ra
43、nge of the supply voltage as compared to the allowable variation swing in the input voltage of the ballast The difference in the life and maintenance characteristics of the lamp to be used as compared to those shown for the example 400-watt HID lamps in Figure 1Figure 1a. Lumen Maintenance for sever
44、al Metal Halide Lamps. Actual mortality curves are available from the various lamp manufacturers. ( Illuminating Engineering Society of North America)Figure 1b. Typical Lumen Maintenance for High Pressure Sodium Lamps. ( Illuminating Engineering Society of North America)Figure 1c. LED Lifetime versu
45、s Junction Temperature. ( Illuminating Engineering Society of North America)(Expected (B50, L70) lifetimes for AlInGaP* (e.g., amber, red-orange, and red) LED packages as a function of junction temperature, and for different drive currents. (B50, L70) is the time to when either 50% of the population
46、 is expected to have either failed catastrophically (failure to emit light)(B50), or degraded by more than 30% from initial lumen output (L70). Note that these curves vary considerably with LED package and these data should not be generalized.*Aluminum/Indium/Gallium/Phosphorus3IES DG-4-14ing cycle
47、is the maximum time frame recommended in relatively untainted environments. However, in industrial environments, where the luminaires are exposed to smoke and/or dust, it will be necessary to establish a much shorter cleaning cycle period.Depending upon the material to be cleaned, there are a number
48、 of different techniques available. Glass refractors are easily cleansed with soap and water or glass cleaner to restore light output to its original level. A metal reflector finish can be severely dam-aged by abrasives or solutions containing ammonia. The simplest procedure is to spray a non-abrasi
49、ve solvent on the reflector surface and then wipe dry with a soft cloth: this method is slow, but effective.Alternately, the reflector or refractor can be removed from the luminaire, submerged in a tank of mild detergent and water, and then rinsed in clean water: two rinses are suggested. If the water is hot, it is best to air dry. While ultrasonic units may be used to aid in the washing process, rinsing is still required. If the reflectors or refractors are removed for clean-ing, they should be replaced correctly in order to maintain optical system i
