1、IES LM-45-15IES Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurement of General Service Incandescent Filament LampsIES LM-45-15IES Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurement of General Service Incandescent Filament LampsPublication of this Guidehas been approved by the IES.Sug
2、gestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES.Prepared by the IES Testing ProceduresSub-Committee on Photometry of Light Sources IES LM-45-15Copyright 2015 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, August 8, 2015, as a Transaction of the Illum
3、inating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Stree
4、t, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to the IES Director of Technology, at the above a
5、ddress for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. ISBN # 978-0-87995-319-5Printed in the United States of America.DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute
6、. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty
7、 as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use o
8、f, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this
9、document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
10、 document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier
11、 or maker of the statement.IES LM-45-15IES Testing Procedures Sub-Committee on Photometry of Light SourcesGreg McKee, Sub-ChairC. Cameron Miller, Committee LiaisonIES Testing Procedures CommitteeC. Cameron Miller, ChairBecky Kuebler, Vice ChairDavid Ellis, SecretaryJianzhong Jiao, TreasurerL. Ayers*
12、R. BergmanE. Bretschneider*E. Carter*D. Chan*G. Connelly*R. Daubach*J. Demirjian*D. EllisP. Elizondo*S. Ellersick*B. Feagin*A. Gelder*T. Henning*P-C. Hung*A. JacksonD. Karambelas*T. Kawabata*TY. Koo*M. KotrebaiJ. Leland*J. Linquata*S. LongoR. Low*V. Mahajan*J. MarellaF-X. Morin*M. Nadal*Y. Ohno*M. P
13、iscitelli*B. Rao*S. Rao*M. SapcoeV. Wu*R. Young*G. Yu*C. AndersenL. Ayers*A. BakerP. Behnke*R. BergerR. Bergin*R. BergmanJC. Blacker*C. Bloomfield*E. BretschneiderK. Broughton*E. Carter*D. Chan*P-T. Chou*G. Connelly*J. Dakin*R. Daubach*L. Davis*J. Demirjian*M. Duffy* P. Elizondo*P. Franck*A. Gelder*
14、 M. GratherY. Guan*K. Haraguchi*R. Heinisch*K. Hemmi*T. Hernandez*Y. Hiebert* R. Higley*R. Horan*J. HospodarskyS. Hua*J. HulettP-C. HungD. Husby*A. JacksonD. Jenkins*D. Karambelas*H. Kashani*T. Kawabata*R. Kelley*TY. Koo*M. KotrebaiJ. Lawton*J. Lee*L. Leetzow*J. Leland*K. Lerbs*R. Levin*R. Li*K. Lie
15、pmann*S. LongoR. Low*M-H. Lu*J. MarellaP. McCarthyG. McKeeM. Minarczyk*Z. Mooney*F-X. Morin*M. Nadal*D. Nava*B. Neale*Y. Ohno*D. OHare* J. Pan*D. Park*N. Peimanovic*E. Perkins*M. Piscitelli*G. Plank*E. RadkovD. RandolphC. Richards*E. Richman*K. Rong*M. SapcoeJ. SchutzA. Serres*A. SmithR. Speck*L. St
16、afford*G. SteinbergR. TuttleT. Uchida*K. Wagner*J. Walker*Y. Wang* H. Waugh*D. Weiss*J. Welch*K. Wilcox*B. Willcock*V. Wu*J. YonR. Young*J. Zhang* Advisory Member* Honorary MemberIES LM-45-15IES LM-45-15Please refer to the IES Bookstore after you have purchased this IES Standard, for possible Errata
17、, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstore.ContentsForeword .1Introduction.11.0 Scope .12.0 Normative References13.0 Nomenclature and Definitions .14.0 Ambient and Physical Conditions 24.1. General24.2. Temperature .24.3. Air Movement 24.4. Vibration 25.0 Electrical Conditions.25.1. Wavesh
18、ape 25.2. Voltage or Current Regulation.25.3. Circuits and Lamp Connections .26.0 Lamp Test Procedures .26.1. Lamp Orientation .26.2. Lamp Stabilization 26.2.1. Seasoning 26.2.2. Preburning26.2.3. Determination of Stabilization time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . 36.3. Electrical Settings.36.4. Electrical Instrumentation 36.4.1. Instrument Tolerance36.4.1.1 DC Operation 46.4.1.2 AC Operation 46.4.2. Impedance Limitations 47.0 Photometric Test Procedures47.1. Total Luminous Flux Measurements with an Integrating Sphere 47.1.1. Photo-detector
20、.47.1.2. Spectroradiometer47.2. Luminous Intensity (candela) .47.3. Luminous Intensity (Candela) Distribution 47.4. Color Measurements 58.0 Test Report 5Informative Reference List 5IES LM-45-151IES LM-45-15FOREWORDThis approved method is a revision of IES LM-45-09, IES Approved Method for the Electr
21、ical and Photometric Measurements of General Service Incandescent Filament Lamps. Changes have been made to update information, to give clearer guide-lines for requirements and to promote uniformity in measurement procedures. Measurement of incan-descent reflector lamps is not included in this appro
22、ved method.INTRODUCTIONIncandescent filament lamps produce radiant power as a result of electric current passing through a tung-sten filament, which is surrounded by an inert atmo-sphere or vacuum within a glass or quartz envelope. Some lamps contain halogens that are employed to maintain a clean bu
23、lb wall. Such lamps may also employ bulb coatings that redirect infrared energy back to the filament for improved efficacy or to filter radiation for color control.As long as the filament remains intact, current will flow, heating the filament to incandescence. Since the desired incandescence occurs
24、 at high filament temperatures, the surface of the tungsten filament is continually vaporized during lamp operation. As a result, the filament wire diameter is non-uniform-ly decreased along its length until at some point, the high current density causes excessive local heating and vaporization, whi
25、ch causes filament failures. The rate of evaporation is dependent on the local filament temperature, plus gas density and pressure.Incandescent filament lamps are typically affected by variables such as operating cycle, conditions imposed by the fixture, orientation and vibration. In general, the te
26、st conditions should not diverge widely from conditions of service. Practical consider-ations require that any test conditions and programs be designed to give comparable results when used by various laboratories. The recommendations of this IES Approved Method have been made with these objectives i
27、n mind.For special purposes, it may be desirable to deter-mine the characteristics of lamps when they are operated at other than the standard conditions described in this approved method. Where this is done, such results are meaningful only for the par-ticular conditions under which they were obtain
28、ed. All such non-standard operating conditions shall be stated in the test report.The photometric information usually required is total luminous flux (lumens), luminous intensity (cande-las) in one or more directions, and chromaticity. For the purposes of this approved method, the determi-nation of
29、these data will be considered photometric measurements.The electrical characteristics usually measured are lamp current, lamp voltage, and lamp power. Incandescent filament lamps are usually measured on DC and the power can be calculated from volt-age and current. For the purpose of this approved me
30、thod, the determination of these data will be con-sidered electrical measurements.1.0 SCOPEThis approved method describes the procedures to be followed and the precautions to be observed in performing uniform and reproducible measurements of the electrical and photometric characteristics of general
31、service incandescent filament lamps under standard conditions.2.0 NORMATIVE REFERENCESANSI/IES RP-16-10, ANSI/IESNA Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2010.LM-54-12, IES Guide to Lamp Seasoning, New York: Illuminati
32、ng Engineering Society of North America.LM-78-07, IES Approved Method for Total Luminous Flux Measurement of Lamps Using an Integrating Sphere Photometer, New York: Illuimnating Engineering Society of North America.3.0 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONSThe units of electrical measurement used in this appr
33、oved method are the volt, the ampere, and the watt. The ambient temperature measurement unit is degree Celsius/Fahrenheit. The units of photometric measurement are the lumen for luminous flux, and the candela for luminous intensity.1Color is specified in terms of CIE recommended systems.22IES LM-45-
34、154.0 AMBIENT AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS4.1 GeneralIt is good laboratory practice that the storage and testing of lamps should be undertaken in a relatively clean envi-ronment. For lamps, which operate at high bulb tem-perature, contaminants can be etched into glass bulb surfaces during operation. Ther
35、efore, lamps should be cleaned before measurement. Most lamps can be eas-ily cleaned with an alcohol-moist paper towel.4.2 TemperatureFor practical purposes, an ambient temperature of 25C 10C (77F 18F) is recommended. Although temperature is not critical for incandescent filament lamps, care should
36、be given to the require-ments of the measurement instrumentation and the temperature coefficient of the detector.4.3 Air MovementNo special precautions against normal room air movement are necessary.4.4 VibrationLamps should not be subjected to excessive vibra-tion or shock during measurement.5.0 EL
37、ECTRICAL CONDITIONS5.1 WaveshapeIf AC electrical power is used, the AC power source, while operating the test lamp, shall have a sinusoidal voltage waveshape such that the RMS summation of the harmonic components does not exceed 3 per-cent of the fundamental.5.2 Voltage or Current Regulation The DC
38、voltage or current shall be regulated to within 0.02 percent. The RMS voltage or current of the AC power source shall be regulated to within 0.1 percent.Measuring lamps on AC power will increase the measurement uncertainty compared to DC power.5.3 Circuits and Lamp ConnectionsThe measurement circuit
39、s employed for incandes-cent filament lamps are shown in Figure 1. Usually a variable power source capable of providing DC voltages or current or AC voltages as required by the lamp is used. In either case, the lamp input voltage or current shall meet the requirements of Section 5.2.Figure 1(a) show
40、s the method of connecting instru-ments into a DC circuit. The voltmeter V shall be connected at the base of the lamp socket. The switch is provided to remove the instrument from the circuit if it is necessary to determine a correction fac-tor to compensate for its presence in the circuit. The switc
41、h should have low resistance and be rated at several times the actual current in the test. Figure 1(b) shows the method of connecting an instrument or instruments into an AC circuit with capabilities of measuring wattage, current and volt-age. The voltmeter V and the potential element of the wattmet
42、er W shall be connected at the base of the lamp socket. Corrections to compensate for the presence of the measuring elements in the circuit can be calculated from the impedance specification data provided by the manufacturer of the instru-ments, or they can be determined by using switches to remove
43、instruments from the circuit.6.0 LAMP TEST PROCEDURES6.1 Lamp OrientationLamp seasoning, preburning and photometric mea-surements shall be done with the lamp in the same orientation. The operating position shall be as speci-fied by manufacturer. For special application or test purposes, orientation
44、other than that specified by the manufacturer or determined by customary usage may be used and shall be noted in the test report. If no orientation is specified, use base up.6.2 Lamp Stabilization6.2.1 Seasoning Prior to taking initial measure-ments, all new incandescent lamps selected for test shal
45、l be seasoned per IES LM-54-12, IES Guide to Lamp Seasoning.6.2.2 Pre-burning Before any measurements are taken, the seasoned lamps shall be operated long enough to reach stabilization and temperature equi-librium. A period of one-minute continuous operation, or up to three minutes for tungsten halo
46、gen types, is usually sufficient. However, it is always better to judge stability from periodic checks of light output, lamp voltage/current, or both, rather than elapsed time. When light output, and/or lamp voltage/current become stable, the lamp is stable.3IES LM-45-156.2.3 Determination of Stabil
47、ization time The following is a generally accepted four -step method for determining if an incandescent filament lamp is stable:Step 1. Take five measurements of the lamp light output at fifteen-second intervals (total time = 1 minute). This time period is in addition to the recom-mended preburning
48、time.Step 2. Determine the maximum measured value, the minimum measured value and the average value of the five consecutive measurements. Calculate the percent stability by dividing the dif-ference between the maximum and minimum val-ues by the average value of the five consecutive measurements.Step
49、 3. If the value calculated in Step 2 does not exceed 0.25 percent, the lamp is considered stable.Step 4. If the value calculated is Step 2 exceeds 0.25 percent the lamps are considered unstable and measurements in 15 second intervals have to be continued until the last five measurements meet the criteria in Step 3.This method is strongly recommended. Variation in the acceptance criterion and the number and dura-tion of the measurement interval provide different levels of lamp stability, either more or less severe. Should a different method or criteria be used it shall be so
