1、IES RP-20-14Lighting for Parking FacilitiesREvISEdIES RP-20-14RevisedLighting for Parking FacilitiesPublication of this Recommended Practice has been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES. IES RP-20-14 RevisedCopyright 2014 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of Nort
2、h America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, September 12, 2014, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permi
3、ssion of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any error
4、s are noted in this document, please for-ward them to Rita Harrold, Director of Technology, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-300-3DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed
5、 through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes po
6、licies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe
7、cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor
8、 is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumst
9、ances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the require-
10、ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES RP-20-14 RevisedPrepared by:The Subcommittee on Off-Roadway Facilitiesof the IES Roadway Lighting CommitteeD. Paulin, ChairS. Coyle, Vice ChairC. Kerschner, Sec
11、retaryRoadway Lighting CommitteeW. Smelser, ChairJ. Bloomfield, Vice Chair J. Frazer, Secretary E. Morel, TreasurerC. Andersen *R. BradfordM. Dudas J. EdmondsK. Fitzmaurice *J. HartJ. JiaoR. JonesE. KramerR. Larivee *L. LeetzowG. Lister *R. McCall *D. MonahanM. Naylor *P. PhillipsC. Poirier *R. Rain
12、erB. ScanlonL. Smith *S. SpitulskiJ. Weaver*S. Wegner *G. Westergren *R. LeVere *Advisory* HonoraryM. AitkenheadC. AndersenJ. ArmstrongM. Baginski*J. BastianpillaiD. BaumJ. Brown*M. BucciD. Bueno*K. BurkettD. Cavalcanti*G. ChelvanayagamJ. CheungN. Clanton*R. ClearS. CoyleCharles Craig*D. Crawford*M.
13、 CunninghamJ. DaCosta*C. DibleyN. DittmanM. DudasA. Duma*R. Ebbert*G. Engstrom*K. Fitzmaurice*R. GibbonsR. GuptaJ. HartR. HarveyJ. Havard*W. Hughes*D. Husby*J. JiaoM. Janoff*J. Jewell*R. JonesH. KashaniR. KauffmanD. KeithM. Kelly*C. Kerschner*E. KramerC. KwongS. LansfordR. LariveeG. Lauziere*L. Leet
14、zowO. LetamendiR. LeVere*I. Lewin*G. ListerT. Lohman*X. Lou*P. Lutkevich*L. Lutley*E. MacGill*M. MaltezosJ. Marsh*M. MayerJ. McCormick*S. McKnight*D. McLeanJ. Meyers*J. Mickel*P. MitchellK. MolloyD. Monahan*J. OConnor*H. Odle*D. Okon*D. PaulinM. Pearse*C. Pekar*J. Petty*C. Poirier*L. RadetskyR. Rain
15、erM. Riebling*O. Rivera*J. RobinsonP. SabauM. SeppeltB. Shelby*A. SilbigerJ. SimmersL. SmithM. SmolyanskyJ. Snowden*M. Stevens*R. StemprokF. StohlL. Tebow*M. TedescoG. Thiesse*U. Thurairajah*J. WeaverS. Wegner S. WentworthE. Yao*R. Yeager*Advisory* HonoraryRP-20 is dedicated to Paul C. Box.Cover pho
16、to courtesy of Paul Turang, IES RP-20-14 RevisedThis edition (published May 2016) incorporates editorial Errata found in IES RP-20-14. The list of corrected items is as follows:1. Foreword, Part I Paragraph 9, parenthetical note added2. Foreword, Part I Paragraph 9, new notes added3. Table 2, Avg: M
17、in values and category deleted4. Table 2, New notes f, g, h, i added.5. Table 4, Avg: Min values and category deleted6. Table 4, new notes f, g, h added7. Annex B Section B1.0, delete “average or at a point”8. Annex B Section B6.0 Determinations of Average Illuminance for a Parking Lot, deleted enti
18、rely, including Figure B2 captions and all text in between.9. Annex B Section B7.2 Isolux Diagram, paragraph 5 deleted.10. Annex B Section B7.2 last paragraph, delete last sentence “This is the value to compare”11. Annex B Section B8.0 Uniformity Ratios, delete paragraph 9, “If the designer is using
19、 average illuminance”12. Delete Figure B5 and captionIES RP-20-14 RevisedPlease refer to the IES Bookstore after you purchase this IES Standard, for possible new Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstoreContentsForeword .11.0 Introduction.22.0 Purpose and Scope 33.0 Types of Parking
20、 Facilities and Organization of the Practice .33.1 Application (Part I) 33.2 Parking Lots (Part II .33.3 Parking Garages (Part III) .33.4 Organization of the Practice 3PART I General Background for all Parking Facilities.44.0 General Background and Common Characteristics .44.1 Illuminance Metrics44.
21、2 Detection and the Visual Tasks 44.3 Vertical Illuminance54.4 High Vehicular Traffic Locations .54.5 Security Lighting 54.6 Luminance .54.7 Lighting Zones64.8 Eye Adaption .64.9 Age factors.75.0 Light Sources and Characteristics .75.1 Light Source Types 75.2 Rated Life 75.3 Efficacies 95.4 Configur
22、ation of Light Sources95.5 Manufacturer Information.95.6 Ambient Temperature Conditions .105.7 Lighting Maintenance .115.7.1 Basic Relamping Practices and Choices .115.7.2 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) .125.7.3 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) and General Maintenance Recommendations 135.7.4 Line Vo
23、ltage 135.7.5 Leveling, Alignment, and Socket Settings.146.0 Lighting Quality 146.1 Color Rendition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.2 Color Temperature156.3 Glare .156.4 Obtrusive Light 15PART II
24、Parking Lots Part II - Parking Lots and Top (Open) Parking Decks of Garages .167.0 Illuminance Recommendations for Parking Lots 167.1 Horizontal Illuminance 167.2 Vertical Illuminance.178.0 Luminaire Equipment for Parking Lots .188.1 Luminaire Classification System .188.1.1 Backlight, Uplight, and G
25、lare (BUG) Rating System 198.2 Area Lighting Luminaires198.2.1 Architectural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198.2.2 Post Top .19IES RP-20-14 Revised8.2.3 Wall Mounted .208.2.4 High Mast 208.2.5 Roadway L
26、ighting Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.2.6 Floodlighting Luminaires 208.3 Energy Conservation .208.4 Lighting Controls.218.4.1 Photocontrols .218.4.2 Time Clocks and Part Night Photocontrols 218.4.3 Astronomical Time
27、 Clocks .218.4.4 Networked (Remote) Control and Monitoring 218.4.4.1 Wired or Wireless 228.4.5 Dimming .229.0 Maintenance of Parking Lot Lighting 229.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . 229.2 Obstruction of Light by Trees 2210.0 Parking Lot Applications.2310.1 Requirements2310.2 Location of Luminaires .2410.3 Vandalism.24PART III Parking Garages .2511.0 Illuminance Recommendations for Parking Garages .2511.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2511.2 Ramps and Entrances 2711.3 Uniformity .2711.4 Stairways .2811.5 Emergency Lighting 2811.6 Special Lighting2911.7 Glare .2912.0 Lighting Equipment .2912.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2912.2 Shielded Luminaires 2912.3 Non-Shielded Luminaires2913.0 Energy Conservation 2913.1 Use of Daylight (Daylighting).3013.2 Lighting controls .3013.2.1 Time Clocks and Part-Night Photocontrols301
31、3.2.2 Motion Detectors 3013.2.3 Networked (Remote) Control and Monitoring 3013.2.3.1 Wired or Wireless.3013.2.4 Dimming .3114.0 Parking Garage Applications .3115.0 Special Maintenance Issues for Parking Garages32References .32Annex A Tabular Comparison of Common Lamp Types 34Annex B General Procedur
32、e for Calculating Maintained Illuminance in Parking Lots and Garages .35Annex C Visibility-Based Analysis of Parking Facility Lighting 40Annex D SI (Metric) Conversions .46Annex E Ingress Protection Ratings 47Annex F Luminaire Distribution Types.47Annex G Age and Vision Considerations.491IES RP-20-1
33、4 RevisedFOREWORDThe following is a summary history on the evolution of this document (RP-20). It describes the progress leading to the current RP-20.A Recommended Practice of Outdoor Parking Area Lighting was prepared in 1960 by an IESNA Committee.1This document specified as a basic value 11 lux (1
34、 fc)* average maintained horizontal illumi-nance, with a 4:1 or better average/minimum unifor-mity ratio minimum point illuminance 2.5 lux ( 0.25 fc). A doubling of these values was recommended at parking area entrances and exits. (Note: * Within the general notes of the IES Lighting Handbook, 10th
35、Edition for each Illuminance Recommendation Table, note C specifies that “Footcandle conversions of any values cited in this table should be made at 1 fc = 10 lx “.)In 1974, the IESNA Roadway Lighting Committee produced recommendations for lighting safety rest areas along limited access highways.2A
36、value of 11 lux (1 fc) was specified for major activity sections, with a 3:1 or better average to minimum uniformity. For lower activity zones (picnic areas, shelters), a 5 lux (0.5 fc) illuminance and a 6:1 uniformity were recommended. These values were carried forward to the IESNA Lighting Handboo
37、k, Eighth Edition3and correspond to minimum illuminance values of 0.8 to 3.3 lux (0.08 to 0.33 fc).In 1984, a new IESNA Recommended Practice, IESNA-RP-20-84 Lighting for Parking Facilities was published.4This document contained separate rec-ommendations for lots and garages. Values were based on ave
38、rage illuminance for vehicle-use-only areas of lots and for all areas of garages. For general parking and pedestrian areas of lots, the recommendations were for minimum illuminance values of 2 to 10 lux (0.2 to 1 fc). Maximum average-to-minimum uniformity ratios of 4:1 were specified in most applica
39、tions, producing average illuminance values of up to 40 lux (4 fc) when designed to this ratio. Differences in assumed levels of activity for various land uses formed the basis for setting the range in recommended minimum illuminance val-ues. This Practice also added vertical illuminance recommendat
40、ions, which were equally important to the horizontal values, measured at 1.5 meters (5 ft) above the pavement (for facial recognition).IESNA RP-20-84 was not based upon surveys or field measurements of existing parking facilities; it was based on state-of-the-art prevailing practice. Subsequent to i
41、ts publication, reports surfaced of field measurements finding significantly lower lev-els in typical uses. A sampling survey of cities in 1991 found only one-fifth to be applying the IESNA RP-20-84 document in checking construction plans for private parking facilities, which constituted the vast ma
42、jority of lots and garages.The IESNA Practice dealing with airport parking areas (IESNA RP-17-87) was prepared as a guide for the application of fixed outdoor lighting in and around the airport environment with respect to the airports special requirements. These requirements included:1) height restr
43、ictions such as obstructions affecting navigable airspace as defined by the governing civil aviation authorities2) the ability to distinguish color of light for visual cues3) Restriction of light trespass that might interfere with visibility of Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) controllers or pilots.
44、The Recommended Building Code Provisions for Open Parking Structures8, published by the National Parking Association in 1987, specified 65 lux (6.0 fc) average at 75 cm (30 in.) above the floor, with a maximum uniformity ratio of 3:1. An earlier publica-tion, Parking in the City Center, commissioned
45、 by the Automobile Manufacturers Association, recom-mended 33 to 54 lux (3.3 to 5.4 fc) in garage parking areas.The IESNA RP-20-84 publication was revised in 1998 based on field surveys of actual illumination found in existing parking facilities. Rather than specify an average illuminance criterion,
46、 a minimum illuminance criterion was established. The minimum basic requirement in parking lots was 2 lux (0.2 fc) with a minimum of 5 lux (0.5 fc) where enhanced security was an issue. The uniformity ratio was then redefined in terms of a maximum to minimum ratio of less than 20:1 rather than an av
47、erage to minimum ratio, as the eye was thought to adapt to the brightest pavement (i.e., paved surface) in the field of view, not the average light level. The maximum to minimum uniformity ratio was limited in order to allow one to see into the darkest areas from the brightest areas. The uniformity
48、ratio for enhanced security was 15:1. This Max/Min ratio was chosen for two reasons:1) Modern LED luminaires easily accomplish these results, and among the better quality (horizontal lamp) HID luminaires these results are also attainable. Desiring a “best practice” approach to this document, a conse
49、nsus was achieved.2IES RP-20-14 Revised2) A uniformity ratio that is higher than approximately 15:1 will result in the perception that the minimum levels will look dark. This was the consensus view, aimed at achieving “best practice.” Further research is required to determine a more accurate limit. For parking garages, the recommended minimum was 10 lux (1.0 fc) on the pavement with a maximum to minimum uniformity ratio of less than 10:1. The vertical illuminance criterion at 1.5 meters (5 ft) above the pavement was a minimum of 50 per cen
