1、IES/NALMCO RP-36-15Recommended Practice forLighting MaintenanceIES/NALMCO RP-36-15IES/NALMCO Recommended Practice forLighting MaintenancePublication of this Recommended Practicehas been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsPrepared by:The IES Maintenance CommitteeIES/NALMCO RP-36-15Copyright 201
2、5 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, August 8, 2015, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval sys
3、tem or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention
4、 is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to the Director or Manager of Technology, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.ISBN # 978-0-87995-317-1Printed in the United States of Amer
5、ica.DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IE
6、S administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other d
7、amages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services f
8、or or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent profes-sional in determining the exer
9、cise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification
10、 or statement of compliance with the require-ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES/NALMCO RP-36-15Prepared by the IES Maintenance CommitteeNorma Frank, ChairACKNOWLEDGMENTSSpecial thanks to the inte
11、rNational Association of Lighting Management Companies (NALMCO) for co-sponsoring the development of this Recommended Practice.Special thanks to Craig DiLouie, LC for his writing and editing assistance with this Practice.A. AmaroW. Boren J. BurkeV. Frank*R. Levin*K. Mallardi C. MendelsohnS. Rahm* Ad
12、visory MemberIES/NALMCO RP-36-15IES/NALMCO RP-36-15Please refer to the IES Bookstore after you purchase this IES Standard, for possible Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstoreContents1.0 Introduction 12.0 Failure Modes.22.1 Lamp Mortality22.2 Lumen Depreciation .32.3 Color Shift .
13、42.4 Visual Instability 53.0 Light Loss Factors.63.1 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) 63.2 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) .63.2.1 LDD Factor Calculation Procedure for Indoor Environments63.2.2 LDD Factor Calculation Procedure for Roadway Luminaires .73.3 Lamp Failure .83.3.1 Lamp Burnouts (LBO) .93.
14、4 Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD) 93.5 Foliage 93.6 Non-Recoverable Light Loss Factors 104.0 Maintenance Methods .104.1 Spot Relamping104.2 Group Relamping 114.3 Periodic Luminaire and Room Cleaning134.4 Visual Inspection and Troubleshooting 135.0 Planning And Economics 145.1 Economic Group Re
15、lamping Interval 145.2 Group Relamping Optimization .145.3 Luminaire Cleaning Interval155.4 Luminaire Cleaning Economics 155.5 Program Performance Example 156.0 Maintenance And Design 166.1 Programming166.2 Conceptual Design .166.3 Commissioning 166.4 Design Development166.4.1 Design Planning .166.4
16、.2 Lamps.176.4.3 Ballasts176.4.4 Luminaires .186.4.5 Lighting Controls 186.5 Documentation 19IES/NALMCO RP-36-157.0 Planning And Executing Maintenance Operations .207.1 Safety Considerations 207.1.1 General Precautions207.1.2 OSHA Lockout/Tagout Regulations 207.1.3 Disconnecting Means During Re-Ball
17、asting217.1.4 NEC Requirements for Luminaire Support.217.1.5 Hazardous Materials Communication 217.2 Operational Planning .227.3 Cleaning/Relamping Basics227.4 Manufacturer Instructions .227.5 Lamp Technologies.237.5.1 Incandescent Lamps .237.5.2 Linear Fluorescent Lamps .237.5.3 Compact Fluorescent
18、 Lamps (CFLs) .237.5.4 HID Lamps .247.5.5 Metal Halide Lamps 247.5.6 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 247.5.7 Mercury Vapor Lamps 257.5.8 LED Lighting257.6 Cleaning Compounds and Luminaire Surfaces257.6.1 Aluminum 257.6.2 Silver Film257.6.3 Porcelain Enamel 257.6.4 Synthetic Enamel 257.6.5 Glass .257.6.6
19、Plastics 267.7 Maintenance Equipment.267.7.1 Ladders and Stilts .267.7.2 Scaffolding .267.7.3 Telescoping Scaffolding .267.7.4 Personnel Lift .267.7.5 Disconnecting Hangers .267.7.6 Lamp Changers .277.7.7 Catwalks, Cranes and Cages.277.7.8 Vacuum Cleaners and Blowers .27 8.0 Disposition Of Failed Li
20、ghting Components (USA) .278.1 Lamp Disposal.278.2 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps 288.3 PCB Ballast Disposal .289.0 System Troubleshooting.289.1 Safety First289.2 Isolating the Cause of Operating Problems.28IES/NALMCO RP-36-159.3 Troubleshooting Gaseous Discharge Lighting 299.3.1 Troubleshooting Fluoresc
21、ent Lighting 309.3.2 Troubleshooting HID Lighting.309.3.3 Troubleshooting LED Lighting 319.4 Maintenance and Troubleshooting of LEDs.319.4.1 Failure Modes.329.4.2 Replacing LED Fixtures .339.4.3 Replacing LED Drivers339.4.4 Surge Protection in LED Drivers 349.4.5 Ambient Temperature Issues .359.4.6
22、Troubleshooting Light Output Degradation 359.4.7 Color Shift and Color Control in LEDs 369.4.8 LED Startup 369.4.9 End-of-life Signalling .369.4.10 LED Dimming .369.4.11 LED Dimming Issues with Commercial 0-10V Dimmers 379.4.12 LED Dimming Issues with Residential Dimmers 389.4.13 Testing Dimmer Comp
23、atibility.399.4.14 Track Lighting and 12V LED MR16 Replacements 399.4.15 Specific Issues Relating to “LED Tubes” 409.4.16 Cleaning and Routine Maintenance of LED Fixtures.419.4.17 Summary 41Annex A Lighting Terms 42Key Sources of Codes and Guidelines .61Additional Resources .61Bibliography .61IES/NA
24、LMCO RP-36-151IES/NALMCO RP-36-151.0 INTRODUCTIONAll electric lighting systems degrade in performance during their operating life. Lamps produce less and less light the longer they operate, while their spec-tral output may shift in color. Lamp output may be absorbed by dirt and dust accumulation on
25、luminaire surfaces. Light distribution may be distorted by dirt and dust and/or degradation of luminaire surfaces. Components fail over time. If left unchecked, ongoing loss of illuminance and disruption to uniformity will continue until the lighting system ceases to function.Although automatic ligh
26、ting controls are specified increasingly in commercial buildings as a manda-tory energy-saving measure, they should be properly designed, installed and calibrated to save energy. Over time, space layout, user needs or occupancy patterns may change, resulting in misalignment between control operation
27、 and how the space is used. If users are dissatisfied, they may seek to over-ride the controls, potentially negating energy savings.To ensure continuing operations, owners take actions to preserve the functionality of their lighting systems, which we call maintenance. Well-maintained lighting system
28、s function in a predictable manner while offer-ing the potential for capital and operating cost sav-ings. Poorly maintained lighting systems may suffer from low illuminance and unaddressed outages, non-uniform light distribution, color shift, improperly aimed luminaires, mismatched components, cycli
29、ng lamps, early component failure and other problems. This may translate to problems with user satis-faction, productivity, aesthetics, sales, safety and security, and the ability to capture intended energy savings on an ongoing basis.How a lighting system will be maintained is impor-tant informatio
30、n for lighting designers, just as design information is important for maintenance personnel. Since the maintenance method influences the extent of expected light loss, it also relates to the amount of lumen output needed to maintain the required illu-minance. In other words, if a well-maintained lig
31、hting system will result in a higher maintained illuminance, then fewer lumens are needed to produce the design level, which may translate to fewer lamps and/or luminaires. This will reduce capital and energy costs.Designers, meanwhile, should design lighting sys-tems that are easy to maintain, spec
32、ify commis-sioning criteria or expectations when possible, and ensure maintenance personnel are properly trained and given a complete system manual upon turnover. Easy-to-maintain lighting systems feature readily accessible, long-life components within designs in which the luminaires are similarly a
33、ccessible without excessive difficulty or cost. Commissioning ensures that the initial installed system is verified as satisfy-ing owner project requirements. Maintenance per-sonnel should be trained on the proper operation and maintenance of the lighting system, and have all appropriate documentati
34、on on hand regarding the finished design and how to maintain it, includ-ing owner project requirements, design intent, final drawings, schedule of installed components and systems, device settings, lighting control sequence of operations and recommended maintenance plan.Robust maintenance requires m
35、ore attention and resources and therefore benefits from planning. Planned maintenance involves scheduling opera-tions and maintaining the lighting system with the most time- and cost-efficient use of labor and resources, utilizing techniques such as periodic inspection, group relamping and luminaire
36、 clean-ing. All components in the lighting system (con-trols, power supplies, sensors, for example) are documented so that they are properly maintained. The design itself is documented and understood by maintenance personnel so that operations are undertaken to maintain the original design intent, n
37、ot just the equipment in the system.As lighting systems become increasingly complex, properly maintaining them requires more resources, expertise and competence. Often, it is desirable for the owner to use a lighting management company and trained staff. Such companies are represented within the lig
38、hting industry by the interNational Association of Lighting Management Companies (NALMCO). Its members professionalism, experience and lighting expertise are recognized by the Associations Certified Lighting Management Consultant (CLMC), Certified Senior Lighting Technician (CSLT) and Certified Appr
39、entice Lighting Technician (CALT) certifications.This Recommended Practice examines common lighting maintenance procedures and the central components of an effective planned maintenance program. Specifically, it describes: typical lighting system behavior, identifying those light loss factors that c
40、an be addressed by maintenance; maintenance approaches that can optimize lighting system performance; ways in which designers should address maintenance; typical maintenance techniques, equipment and operations;2IES/NALMCO RP-36-15 proper disposal of spent components; and troubleshooting system prob
41、lems.Lighting designers and specifiers can use this Recommended Practice to design lighting systems that will be easy to maintain and optimize energy efficiency and maintenance based on good main-tenance practices and careful product selection. They will also be able to recommend good main-tenance p
42、ractices. Facility owners and managers can use it to develop a maintenance plan and prop-erly maintain their lighting systems to ensure their investment in light performs in accordance with requirements far into the future. Other electrical and lighting professionals can use the Recommend Practice i
43、n the roles they play in recommending, specifying, installing, commissioning and maintain-ing lighting systems.2.0 FAILURE MODESLamps that are past their useful life should be replaced as soon as is practical. Mortality is only one indicator of useful life expiration. Some lamps may continue operati
44、on for long periods but exhibit performance deterioration that renders continued use uneconomical or impractical.For purposes of lighting system maintenance, it may be practical to consider a lamp as expired if: it no longer produces light even though a known good lamp in the same socket lights up n
45、ormally (lamp failure); its lumen output depreciates to an unacceptably low value based on observation or as predicted via manufacturers lamp lumen depreciation curves; the lamp has experienced significant color shift, stands out visually from other lamps, and compromises the sites design intent; or
46、 the lamp produces fluctuating output so as to be visually disturbing or annoying.Other components of the lighting system, including auxiliary devices (i.e., ballasts, transformers, drivers, or generators), sockets, wiring, and the luminaire itself, may also cause a failure to produce illumination o
47、r suf-ficient illumination, and will require corrective action.2.1 Lamp MortalityWhile some new lamps (and auxiliary devices used to operate them) may fail upon or shortly after instal-lation due to manufacturing defects, the large major-ity will fail during operation.A large group of lamps of the s
48、ame type will fail in a predictable manner (see Figure 1). For most lamps, rated lamp life is based on this curve. For fluorescent and metal halide lamps, for example, rated life is defined as when half of a large group of lamps can Figure 1: This typical lamp mortality curve shows the percent of a
49、group of lamps that survive after operating for a period of time. The different lines are used to suggest considerable variation between different lamp technologies. Traditional technologies have “life” rated as a B50 rating which is the point at which 50 percent of the initial group will have “died.” (Graph courtesy of Sri Rahm)3IES/NALMCO RP-36-15be expected to have failed (the median). For mer-cury vapor and high-pressure sodium high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, rated life occurs when 17-40 percent of a large group of lamps is expected to have failed; the specific percen
