1、IES TM-15-11Luminaire ClassificationSystem for OutdoorLuminairesIES TM-15-11Luminaire Classification Systemfor Outdoor LuminairesPublication of this TechnicalMemorandum has been approvedby the IES. Suggestions forrevisions should be directedto the IES.Prepared by:The Luminaire Classification Task Gr
2、oup of IESIES TM-15-11Copyright 2011 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, May 16, 2011 as a Transaction of the Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
3、in any electronic retrieval sys-tem or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office
4、 inNew York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, pleaseforward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for ver-ification and correction. The IES welcomes and urged feedback and comments.Printed
5、 in the United States of America.ISBN: 978-0-87995-256-3 DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved bythe American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representingvaried viewpoints and interests to achieve c
6、onsensus on lighting recommendations. While the IESadministers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in thedevelopment of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness ofany information published herein. The IES disclaims liability f
7、or any injury to persons or property orother damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory,directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertakin
8、g to render professional orother services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any dutyowed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or herown independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a compet
9、ent professional indetermining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of thisdocument. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance
10、 withthis document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall notbe attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES TM-15-11Prepared by the Luminaire Classification Task Group of the IESLuminaire
11、Classification Task GroupEnglish, Cheryl co-chairMurdoch, Joe co-chairGibbons, RonLavoie, DenisMcGowan, TerryThis document is based in part on the results of a report provided to the Illuminating Engineering Society ofNorth America by the Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, T
12、roy, New York, under aresearch agreement in response to a request for proposal. LRC principal investigators were Michele W.McColgan Ph. D., John D. Bullough Ph. D., John Van Derlofske Ph. D., and Mark S. Rea Ph.D.Special thanks to Acuity Brands Lighting for their contribution to the graphics in this
13、 publication.IES TM-15-11CONTENTS1.0 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 Background on Outdoor Luminaire Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 Luminaire Classification System (LCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . 24.1 Intended Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Solid Angle References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . 34.3 Forward Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 Back Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 Uplight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 Application Examples of the Luminaire Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 45.1 “Shoebox” Type Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Decorative Street Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 Roadway Lumin
19、aires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.0 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8References . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . 9Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Luminaire Classification System forOutdoor Luminaires1.0 FOREWORDThis Technical Memorandum defines a classificationsystem for out
22、door luminaires that provides informa-tion to lighting professionals regarding the lumendistribution within solid angles of specific interest.The lumens within these solid angles are intended tobe one of the metrics used to evaluate luminaireoptical distribution including the potential for lightpoll
23、ution and obtrusive light, but not as the only met-ric that should be evaluated. Light pollution andobtrusive light result not only from the optical char-acteristics of the luminaires, but also from the appli-cation of those luminaires within an outdoor site orroadway. A detailed evaluation of the l
24、ighting perfor-mance for the outdoor site should be based not onlyon the luminaire optics, but also on overall systemdesign, including luminaire locations, utilization oflight where it is needed, lighting quality, visual tasks,aesthetics, safety requirements, and security issues. 2.0 INTRODUCTIONOut
25、door lighting serves a variety of purposes thatinclude providing light for nighttime visual activities,contributing to safety/security, and enhancing thebeauty of architecture, monuments, sculpture, orlandscape. Outdoor lighting also serves to improvedriving visibility on roadways. Nighttime lightin
26、g canenhance social experiences and revitalize the econ-omy of a municipal district. However, a carefulselection of lighting equipment is critical to ensurethat the positive aspects of outdoor lighting do notsimultaneously create a nuisance for local resi-dents. The issues of light pollution, glare,
27、 naturalhabitat, and the nighttime environment are bestaddressed when meaningful data regarding lumi-naire optics can be considered as the lighting appli-cation is designed. 3.0 BACKGROUND ON OUTDOOR LUMINAIRECLASSIFICATIONSHistorically, the primary outdoor lighting considera-tions have related to m
28、eeting or exceeding recom-mended illuminance levels, providing uniform light-ing, and minimizing glare. The IES cutoff classifica-tion system was redefined in 1963 and published ina revision to the American Standard Practice forRoadway Lighting as a method for defining lumi-naire light distributions
29、. At that time, luminaire lightdistribution was defined in three ways: (1) the later-al beam width continued to be defined as Types Ithrough V, but the method of determination wasredefined; (2) the vertical angle of maximum can-dlepower (short, medium or long); and, (3) to a lim-ited extent, the deg
30、ree of “glare” control defined byhigh angle intensity (cutoff, semicutoff, and noncut-off). The classification “full cutoff” was added in thelate 1990s to describe a luminaire with intensity lim-its meeting the “cutoff” classification, but limiting theoptics to only those with no intensity distribut
31、ion ator above 90 degrees (i.e., no uplight). All four cut-off classifications (full cutoff, cutoff, semicutoff, andnoncutoff) are defined and illustrated in RP-8-00,American National Standard Practice for RoadwayLighting1.The current IES cutoff classifications are based onlyon intensities at or abo
32、ve 80 degrees, rather than onluminaire lumens. The system has served a valuablepurpose to identify products with high angle bright-ness. However, in recent years the system has beenused for purposes well beyond the technical intent.Full cutoff lighting is often cited as the best system tocontrol lig
33、ht pollution. However there has been limit-ed consideration related to the ability for full cutoffoptics to distribute light at angles necessary to illumi-nate vertical objects. In addition, the range of perfor-mance within each IES cutoff category can result indrastically different percentages of u
34、plight, potential-ly contributing to sky glow. For example, the analy-sis of commercial luminaires shown in Table 1 illus-trates that within three of the current classifications,the luminaire can have very little or a significantamount of uplight. A common misconception is thatonly luminaires with a
35、 higher degree of cutoff (full cut-off) will have minimal uplight, but this is not alwaysthe case. Some cutoff, semi-cutoff or even non-cut-off luminaires can have minimal uplight, but do notmeet the intensity restrictions at 80 degrees resultingin a lower cutoff classification. Table 1: Current Ana
36、lysis of Commercial Luminaires 1IES TM-15-11IES Cutoff Typical Range of Upward Classification Distribution(% of luminaire lumens)Full cutoff 0%Cutoff 0% - 20%Semicutoff 0% - 40%Noncutoff 2% - 100%With increasing concerns among municipalitiesregarding nuisance light, the IES determined therewas a cle
37、ar need for a system that will provide morecomprehensive data to evaluate the overall distribu-tion of light from a luminaire.4.0 LUMINAIRE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM(LCS)The Luminaire Classification System (LCS) definesthe distribution of light from a luminaire within threeprimary solid angles. These ar
38、e further divided into10 secondary solid angles. LCS can be describedas either percent bare lamp lumens or luminairelumens for each primary and secondary solidangle. It is based in part on IES-funded research(LESS: Luminaire Evaluation and SelectionSystem)* conducted at the Lighting ResearchCenter,
39、Troy, NY by Michele W, McColgan Ph.D.,John D. Bullough Ph.D., John Van Derlofske Ph.D.,and Mark S. Rea Ph.D The LCS quantifies lightdistribution in front of the luminaire, behind theluminaire, and above the luminaire. The systemoffers the following benefits:LCS defines the standard solid angles fore
40、valuation and comparison of outdoorluminaires. It does not provide quantitativelumen limits within each solid angle. It doesprovide the basic model from which limits forlumens within the solid angles by lighting zoneand application type will be defined.LCS utilizes existing photometric test data and
41、can be easily reported by manufacturers orincorporated into software tools.LCS enables designers to evaluate andcompare the distribution of lumens for varioustypes of luminaire optics, thus assisting in theselection of the luminaire most appropriate forthe application.As illustrated in Figure 1, the
42、 primary solid anglesdefined by the LCS are:Forward LightBack LightUplightThe sum of percentages of lamp lumens withinthese three primary solid angles is equal to the pho-tometric luminaire efficiency.Photometric Luminaire Efficiency (%) =(Forward Light+ Back Light+ Uplight)(total bare lamp output)a
43、ll values are in lumensPhotometric Luminaire Efficiency (%) = ForwardLight (%) + Back Light (%) + Uplight (%)Trapped Light (%) = 100% Photometric LuminaireEfficiency (%)4.1 Intended UseThe LCS metrics are indicators of optical distribu-tion and are intended to be used in conjunction withthe IES dist
44、ribution classifications (Type I, II, III, IV,V and Short, Medium, Long)2for a more completeanalysis of where the light is distributed.As previously noted, the LCS is designed to describethe lumen distribution of an individual luminaire. It alsoprovides a convenient method to compare the utiliza-tio
45、n of available lamp lumens in the three LCS solidangles among similar non-aimable outdoor luminaires. The lumens within each LCS solid angle providedata that can relate to an evaluation of light trespassand sky glow. However these issues relate also tothe optical distribution of light as a function
46、of theinstalled characteristics including location of theluminaires with respect to the property line, installedheight, spacing and uniformity of light and reflectivecharacteristics of the ground materials that maycontribute to light reflected into the sky.The previous IES cutoff classifications (fu
47、ll cutoff,cutoff, semi-cutoff, and non-cutoff) are supersededby the Luminaire Classification System (LCS).2IES TM-15-11Figure 1. The three primary solid angles of theLuminaire Classification System (LCS).*available through the IES100 x4.2 Solid Angle ReferencesThe LCS is based on IES photometric tes
48、ting proce-dures. Using these procedures, a web of intensityvalues is measured around a luminaire, creating asphere of data points (see Figure 2). Luminairelumens are calculated based on the measured inten-sities in specific solid angles. The term nadir refersto the point directly below the luminair
49、e. This IESpublication references LCS solid angles based onvertical angles referenced from nadir and lateralangles referenced in a counter-clockwise direction.Consult the IES Lighting Handbook2for further infor-mation regarding photometry and luminaire zonallumens.4.3 Forward LightForward light describes the lumen distribution in front ofthe luminaire. The forward light solid angle is definedbetween 0 and 90 degrees vertical, and 270 to 90degrees horizontal in front of the luminaire. The forwardlight solid angle is further refined into four vertical sec-ondary solid angles t
