1、Guidelines for thesampling and analysisof dredged materialintended for disposalat seaBINTERNATIONALMARITIMEORGANIZATIONLondon, 2005Published by theINTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SRPrinted by the International Maritime Organization, London24681097531ISBN 92-801-41
2、92-9IMO PUBLICATIONSales number: I537ECopyright # International Maritime Organization 2005All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form of by any meanswithout prior permission in writingfrom the International Maritime Organiz
3、ation.Published by theINTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR(ISBN 92-801-4192-9)Electronic edition: 2005IMO PUBLICATIONSales number: E537ECopyright # InternationalMaritimeOrganization2005All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a ret
4、rieval system ortransmitted in any form of by any meanswithout prior permission in writingfrom the International Maritime Organization.Executive summaryIn the framework of the London Convention 1972 and the 1996 Protocolthereto generic Waste Assessment Guidance (WAG) were approved in1997 for eight d
5、ifferent types of waste allowed to be dumped at sea. One ofthem is dredged material.Complementing the Waste Assessment Guidance, specific guidelines forassessment of the different wastes were developed and adopted in 2000,among them the Specific Guidelines for Assessment of Dredged Material(LC/SG 24
6、/11, annex 3).To further support practical implementation of this generic guidance,particularly for dredged material, the Scientific Group prepared anoverview of information covering some of the main working steps:. selection of substances of concern and effects to be determined;. field sampling; an
7、d. physical, chemical and biological analysis.The guidance contained in this publication addresses the points aboveand is an amalgamation of two documents produced for the LondonConvention 1972 and the 1996 Protocol thereto:. Guidelines for the sampling of sediment intended for disposalat sea (LC 24
8、/17, addendum 1); and. Selection and analysis of physical and chemical parameters forthe assessment of dredged material quality (LC/SG 26/12,annex 2).iii.ContentsPageEXECUTIVESUMMARY. iii1 INTRODUCTION1.1Background 11.2StructureoftheGuidelines. 22 INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS2.1Initialprojectassessment. 5
9、2.2Initialassessmentofexistingdata. 53 SELECTION OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL ANDBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS3.1Existingdatasources 93.2Additionalornewcharacterization. 93.3Tieredapproachfordeterminingparameters 103.3.1Potentialsourcesofcontamination. 103.3.2Listofanalytestobeconsidered. 113.4Availabilityandrelia
10、bilityoflaboratories 123.5Standardizedmethods. 133.6Detectionlimits. 133.7Frequencyofmeasurement. 144 BUILDING AN ANALYTICAL PLAN DETAILED CONSIDERATIONS4.1Analyticalplan 154.2QualityAssuranceandQualityControl(QA/QC)for chemical parameters . . . 154.3QualityAssuranceandQualityControl(QA/QC)for biolo
11、gical parameters . . 165 BUILDING A SAMPLING PLAN DETAILED CONSIDERATIONS5.1Whatisasedimentsamplingplan? 195.2Typesofsurveysandtestablehypotheses. 195.3Historicalandprojectdata 20vPage5.4Samplingdesign 225.5Samplenumberandlocation 255.5.1Volumesandmassofsedimentrequiredforanalyses. 265.6QualityAssur
12、anceandQualityControl. 265.7RecommendedelementsofaQA/QCprogrammefor sampling . 275.8DQOandQCsamples 275.9Compositing 295.10Timeandfundingconsiderations 306 FIELD SAMPLING6.1Positioning. 316.2Sedimentsamplingequipment. 316.3Vesselconsiderations 336.4Samplecontainers. 336.5Fieldinformation 346.6Sample
13、handling 356.7Sampleacceptability. 366.8Sampletransport 366.9Samplestorage. 377 ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICALAND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS7.1Principles 397.2Generalstatisticalconsiderationsanddatapresentation. 397.3Actionlevels 408CONTINUATIONANDCONCLUSIONOFINVESTIGATIONSAppendix1Casestudyexamples. 43A
14、ppendix2Fieldpreparationschecklist 51Appendix3Definitionsandacronyms 52Appendix4References 55Appendix5OSPARAgreement20021. 62Appendix6CorrespondenceGroup. 64Contentsvi1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundThis is an introductory guide for those with limited experience in sedimentsampling and analysis.It provi
15、des considerations and good practices for developing samplingplans in an effort to help users decide how to organize and prioritize theirsampling activities to suit their particular goals, experience, budget andtechnical capabilities.This publication also provides strategic guidance in making cost-e
16、ffective,practical and environmentally-sound decisions on what to measure andhow to measure it, and to assess sediments on a case-by-case basis. Itreviews what to consider before analysis, selecting variables, conductingthe analysis and important aspects of quality assurance and control.The assessme
17、nt of dredged material will include chemical and physicalanalysis and may also include chemical analysis of water and biologicaltissue. This report presents general guidance (figure 1) on sampling and onselecting and analysing physical, chemical, and biological parameters thatare useful for the eval
18、uation of sediments particularly dredged material.This publication should provide generic guidance and make it clear thatthose who can implement the full guidance now should do so, while thosethat cannot should implement what they can as soon as practical andmake it a national goal to develop the ca
19、pability to progressively implementthe remaining aspects in as few years as possible.1In areas where environmental evaluations of dredged material are notyet standard practice, it would be unnecessary and ill advised to attemptto begin with detailed implementation of all aspects of this guide. Itwou
20、ld be equally ill advised to delay initiation of progressive implemen-tation of a programme of environmental evaluation of dredged material.Such a programme could begin with general surveys and advance toroutine implementation of more complex evaluations as environmentalexperience and sophistication
21、 are developed.It is far better to conduct basic evaluations now than to do nothingbecause of a current inability to conduct sophisticated evaluations (afterIADC 1997).This guide is geared primarily to the Contracting Parties of the LondonConvention 1972 and its 1996 Protocol but it may be useful to
22、 anyoneinterested in best practices for sampling and analysing sediments. It is notbroken down by players or stakeholders roles (as this may vary accordingto project and area) but according to tasks to be done to make a plan andexecute it. It is intended for:. middle-managers and newcomers in the fi
23、eld of dredging havingsome scientific/technical knowledge;. regulatory bodies that oversee and authorize ocean disposal ofdredged material for which sediment sampling is required;. programme managers who may have limited scientific back-ground to make strategic or policy decisions on dredging andrel
24、ated activities;. decision-makers such as port managers or licensing autho-rities, consultants and other persons or groups involved indredging projects in areas where there is not an establishedexpertise in environmental evaluations of dredged material;. those planning the dredging of sediments; and
25、. those undertaking sediment sampling in the field.This technical guidance has been developed in the form of a documentthat can be improved and updated in the future in the light of newtechnical developments and the results of scientific research. Suggestionsfrom the readership for such improvements
26、 are welcome.1.2 Structure of the GuidelinesThere are several working steps towards obtaining representativeinformation on sediments of interest (see figure 1):. an initial assessment in which the goals and the existinginformation are analysed;. a planning phase, in which the sampling plan and thean
27、alytical plan are prepared;2IntroductionStep Activity ChapterA Initial considerations Check task/goalCheck stakeholder requirementsCollect project informationDecide on need for further data2B Selection ofparameters foranalysisEstablish parameter listPrepare an analytical planCheck available personne
28、land equipmentPrepare a quality control plan34C Sampling plan Prepare a sampling planPrepare a quality control planPrepare to sample5D Field sampling Execute samplingStore and prepare samples6E Physical, chemicaland ecotoxicologicalanalysisExecute analysesAssess data quality7Sediment qualityassessme
29、ntEvaluate dataReport resultsWAG*Figure 1 Considerations for planning and execution of sediment sampling* WAG = Waste Assessment Guidance of London Convention, Specific Guidelines forAssessment of Dredged material.3Introduction. an execution phase, in which the sampling is carried out;. an analytica
30、l phase, in which the required analyses are carriedout; and. an evaluation phase, in which the information collected is usedto help reach required decisions or actions.The intent is to lead the reader through these various steps, recognizingthat the process may be iterative, meaning that as question
31、s areanswered and data become available at one step, they may lead to furtherquestions and require a reconsideration of previous steps. The steps arenonetheless numbered to move the reader towards the final outcome ofproducing information that will enable defensible and cost-effectivedecision-making
32、.Readers with limited experience should note that more information maybe provided than is needed for simple sampling or analysis and that onebody may not be responsible for all the steps. Readers are encouraged touse the sections that are relevant and adapt them to their own situation.4Introduction2
33、 Initial considerationsFor the assessment of the quality of dredged material it is desirable toobtain meaningful and sufficient information at minimum cost andeffort.2.1 Initial project assessmentIn order to minimize cost and maximize efficiency it is helpful to carry outan initial assessment.2.2 In
34、itial assessment of existing dataIs there a need to sample or analyse additional data?Sediment sampling and analysis can represent a substantial investmentof time and money. Sometimes, a regulatory agency will provide instruc-tions as to what it regards as necessary and sufficient sampling andanalys
35、is. Often, however, sampling and analysis are determined on a case-by-case basis. In addition, the development of the analytical and samplingplans involve co-operation among several different parties such as thedredging contractor, programme manager, regulator, laboratory etc. Eachparty may not be i
36、nvolved at all the stages but should be aware of thewhole process.Figure 2 Field sampling underway5The following questions look at the need for and required extent ofsampling and analysis.1. What is the intended dredging projectand what is already known about the material?Volume, depth and basic par
37、ticle size characteristics will be part ofscoping the potential dredging work. The timing and methods to be used inthe planned dredging project should also be considered as these can affectwhat components of the environment might need sampling and to whatextent. If, for example, the project is to us
38、e equipment that increasessediment dispersion, it could raise additional concerns about conditions inthe water column. This project information can also supply information oncontaminants raising concern.2. Who will be involved and what are their roles?It is important to identify any laws and policie
39、s that control the intendedproject. In addition to the London Convention, other regional seasconventions may apply which have slightly different information require-ments or criteria. See IADC, 1997 volumes 1 . ecological or economic value of the resources;. obvious problems (lesions on fish, etc.,
40、contaminated seafoodfrom the area); and. comparison to reference sites.If the weight of evidence reveals no significant cause for concern, no furtherassessment of chemical contamination or associated biological effects isrequired (GIPME 2000). This advice is useful and may be followed in theabsence
41、of legislation or policy requiring otherwise.If a decision, based on available information can be made, sampling andanalysis would only be undertaken to confirm the decision, if at all.Working through the basic questions in a checklist should help theinvestigator to determine cases where sampling an
42、d analysis are notneeded, or to lay out pre-determined limitations and requirements for asampling and analytical programme. Within the initial assessment to becarried out, there needs to be due consideration of what can reasonably beobtained based on the realities, e.g., the following issues:Issue Q
43、uestions to be answered, e.g.,. to add/delete parameters based on a reason to believe they arelikely to be or not be important in the particular project beingevaluated;. to consider inclusion of degradation products in addition toparent compounds;. to consider including contaminants commonly associa
44、ted withsome of the sources (e.g., particular types of industries) thatmay influence the status of the material to be dredged.Such a list may assist in identifying why certain parameters should not berequired for analysis, or why certain parameters that may otherwise nothave been considered should b
45、e included. While some parameters mayfrequently be of concern, it is important to tailor the selected parametersfor each project to the specific situation under evaluation where this is notcontrary to local regulators requirements.Unless required by regulators, a standard list of parameters should n
46、otbe selected by default for analysis for all projects.It is counterproductive to include parameters for which reliable routineanalytical methods, with environmentally relevant detection limits, do notexist or cannot be achieved. However, in areas that are still developingtheir expertise, it may be
47、appropriate to use analytical requirements toencourage further refinements of analytical capabilities. It is also oftencounterproductive to include parameters for which no regulatory orinterpretative guidance exists. However, lack of easily found guidanceshould not be used as a long-term excuse to a
48、void dealing with a legitimatecontaminant of concern. Where chemical guidance does not exist,proponents may consider using alternative testing to determine effects,or lack of effects. Biological toxicity tests or appropriate models, combinedwith a good exposure analysis could be considered.A biologi
49、cal toxicity test is an experimental procedure or method thatmakes use of a biological system (e.g., whole organisms, tissues, cells) toprovide information about chemical exposure or effects. Numerous testshave been developed and used to study exposure and the effects of10Selection of physical, chemical and biological parameterschemicalsinwaterandsediment(seeappendix4).Inselectingbiologicaltests it will be important to consider:. The components of the environment (water, sediment, tissue);. The endpoint or what effects are of concern (mortality, growth,repro
