1、BINTERNATIONALMARITIMEORGANIZATIONLondon, 2001GUIDELINES ONFATIGUEELECTRONIC EDITIONFirst published in 2002by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SRPrinted by the International Maritime Organization, London24681097531ISBN 92-801-5128-2IMO PUBLICATIONSales number:
2、IMO-968ECopyright # IMO 2002All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any formor by any means without prior permission in writingfrom the International Maritime Organization.Print edition (ISBN 978-92-801-5128-2)First published i
3、n 2002by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SRElectronic edition, 2007IMO PUBLICATIONSales number: E968ECopyright # InternationalMaritimeOrganization2002All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
4、in any formor by any means without prior permission in writingfrom the International Maritime Organization.Foreword1 The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), at its seventy-first session(19 to 28 May 1999), considered the issue of human fatigue and thedirection where IMO efforts should be focused. In th
5、is regard, it was agreedthat practical guidance should be developed to provide appropriateinformation on fatigue to all parties concerned. This guidance shouldinform each party that has a direct impact on vessel safety (navel architects,owners/operators, masters, officers, ratings, training institut
6、ions, etc.) of thenature of fatigue, its causes, preventive measures and countermeasures.2 Accordingly, the MSC, at its seventy-fourth session (30 May to 8 June2001), approved the guidelines, composed of self-contained modules, eachaddressing a different party. The modules have been assembled usinge
7、xisting information, in a useful format, for transmission to the differentparties who have a direct impact on vessel safety.3 Member Governments are invited to:.1 bring the attached guidelines to the attention of their maritimeAdministrations and relevant industry organizations and to allother parti
8、es who have direct impact on ship safety;.2 use this guidance as a basis for developing various types of toolsfor dissemination of the information given in the guidelines (suchas: pamphlets, video training modules, seminars and workshops,etc.); and.3 take the guidelines into consideration when deter
9、miningminimum safe manning.Shipowners, ship operators and shipping companies are strongly urged totake the issue of fatigue into account when developing, implementing animproving safety management systems under the ISM Code.iiiContentsPageIntroduction 1Module 1 Fatigue . . . 3Module 2 Fatigue and th
10、e rating . 13Module 3 Fatigue and the ships officer 21Module 4 Fatigue and the master 33Module 5 Fatigue and the training institution andmanagement personnel in charge of training . 47Module 6 Shipboard fatigue andthe owner/operator/manager 53Module 7 Shipboard fatigue and the naval architect/ship d
11、esigner . . . 61Module 8 Fatigue and the maritime pilot . . . 73Module 9 Fatigue and tugboat personnel . . . 81Appendices Fatigue related documentation . . 91vGuidelines on fatigueIntroductionFatigue can be defined in many ways. However, it is generally described as astate of feeling tired, weary, o
12、r sleepy that results from prolonged mental orphysical work, extended periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh environ-ments, or loss of sleep. The result of fatigue is impaired performance anddiminished alertness.The effects of fatigue are particularly dangerous in the shipping industry.The technical
13、and specialized nature of this industry requires constantalertness and intense concentration from its workers. Fatigue is alsodangerous because it affects everyone regardless of skill, knowledge andtraining.Effectively dealing with fatigue in the marine environment requires aholistic approach. There
14、 is no one-system approach to addressing fatigue,but there are certain principles (e.g., lifestyle habits, rest, medication,workload) that must be addressed in order to gain the knowledge and theunderstanding to manage this human element issue.ObjectiveThe human element, in particular fatigue, is wi
15、dely perceived as acontributing factor in marine casualties. The Exxon Valdez, one of theworst maritime environmental disasters in the last century, is one of themany mishaps where fatigue was identified as a contributing factor.To assist in the development of a marine safety culture by addressing t
16、heissue of fatigue, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) hasdeveloped practical guidance to assist interested parties to better understandand manage the issue of fatigue.The philosophy behind the development of the guidance was not todevelop new information but rather assemble what already
17、exists, in a usefulformat, for transmission to those parties who have a direct impact on shipsafety.The outline of the information is related to the potential dangers associatedwith fatigue and ultimately the effect on the health and safety of thepersonnel working on ships. The guidelines contain in
18、formation on thesymptoms and causes of fatigue, and address solutions to combat fatigue toimprove the associated health problems and help prevent a fatigue-relatedaccident from occurring.1OrganizationThe guidelines are composed of modules each devoted to an interestedparty. The modules are as follow
19、s:Module 1: FatigueModule 2: Fatigue and the ratingModule 3: Fatigue and the ships officerModule 4: Fatigue and the masterModule 5: Fatigue and the training institution and managementpersonnel in charge of trainingModule 6: Shipboard fatigue and the owner/operator/managerModule 7: Shipboard fatigue
20、and the naval architectModule 8: Fatigue and the maritime pilotModule 9: Fatigue and tugboat personnelAppendices Fatigue-related documentationHow to use these modulesAlthough all modules are self-contained, it is recommended that all partiesbecome familiar with module 1, which contains general infor
21、mation onfatigue. In other instances it will be beneficial if the reader (interested party)becomes familiar with modules other than the immediately applicable one.It is strongly suggested that maximum benefit will be derived from theintegration of this material into:. Safety management systems under
22、 the ISM Code;. Training courses, particularly management oriented courses;. Accident investigation processes and methodologies; and. Manning determinations.Future workThese guidelines are a living document; they should be updated periodicallyas research reveals new information and new methods are u
23、ncovered to dealwith the issue of fatigue. Further, the present structure self-containedmodules allows for the creation of new modules directed to otherinterested parties.2Guidelines on fatigueGuidelines on fatigueModule 1FATIGUEForewordThe Guidelines on fatigue contain practical information that ca
24、n assistinterested parties (naval architects/ship designers, owners/operators, masters,officers, other crew members and training institutions) to better understandand manage fatigue.The guidelines provide information on the potential dangers of fatigue andultimately the effect on the health and safe
25、ty of the personnel working onships. The guidelines contain information on the symptoms and causes offatigue, and address solutions to combat fatigue in order to reduce associatedhealth problems and prevent fatigue-related accidents from occurring.The guidelines have been divided into nine modules,
26、as follows:Module 1: FatigueModule 2: Fatigue and the ratingModule 3: Fatigue and the ships officerModule 4: Fatigue and the masterModule 5: Fatigue and the training institution and managementpersonnel in charge of trainingModule 6: Shipboard fatigue and the owner/operator/managerModule 7: Shipboard
27、 fatigue and the naval architectModule 8: Fatigue and the maritime pilotModule 9: Fatigue and tugboat personnelAppendices Fatigue-related documentationIt is recommended that all parties become familiar with module 1 prior tousing modules 29.Module 1 (Fatigue) contains general information on the subj
28、ect of fatigue definitions, causes, effects, etc.31 IntroductionFor many years, fatigue was discounted as a potential cause of or contributorto human error. One reason for this misunderstanding was the old myththat fatigue could be prevented by various characteristics: personality,intelligence, educ
29、ation, training, skills, compensation, motivation, physicalsize, strength, attractiveness, or professionalism. However, recent accidentdata and research point to fatigue as a cause of and/or contributor to humanerror precisely because of its impact on performance. Human error resultingfrom fatigue i
30、s now widely perceived as the cause of numerous marinecasualties, including one of the the worst maritime environmental disastersin the last century, the Exxon Valdez.The negative effects of fatigue present a disastrous risk to the safety ofhuman life, damage to the environment, and property. Becaus
31、e shipping is avery technical and specialized industry, these negative effects areexponentially increased, thereby requiring seafarers constant alertness andintense concentration.This module provides a general overview of fatigue, its causes, and itspotential effects on maritime personnel. The key i
32、ssue addressed within thismodule is that fatigue is a fundamental problem for the maritime industry asit detrimentally affects performance at work.2 Defining fatigueThere is no universally accepted technical definition for fatigue. However,common to all the definitions is degradation of human perfor
33、mance. Thefollowing definition is found in IMOs MSC/Circ.813/MEPC/Circ.330,List of human element common terms:A reduction in physical and/or mental capability as the result ofphysical, mental or emotional exertion which may impair nearly allphysical abilities including: strength; speed; reaction tim
34、e; coordina-tion; decision making; or balance.3 Fatigue and life on a seagoing shipFatigue is a problem for all 24-hour a day transportation modes andindustries, the marine industry included. However, there are unique aspectsof seafaring that separate the marine industry from the others.It must be r
35、ecognized that the seafarer is a captive of the work environment.Firstly, the average seafarer spends between three to six months workingand living away from home, on a moving vessel that is subject tounpredictable environmental factors (i.e., weather conditions). Secondly,while serving on board the
36、 vessel, there is no clear separation between workand recreation. Thirdly, todays crew is composed of seafarers from variousnationalities and backgrounds who are expected to work and live together4Guidelines on fatiguefor long periods of time. The operational aspects associated with shippingbecome m
37、ore complex compared with standard industries, for reasons suchas: variety of ship-types, pattern and length of sea passage, port-rotation, andlength of time a ship remains in port. All these aspects present a uniquecombination of potential causes of fatigue.4 Causes of fatigueThe most common causes
38、 of fatigue known to seafarers are lack of sleep,poor quality of rest, stress and excessive workload. There are many othercontributors as well, and each will vary depending on the circumstance (i.e.,operational, environmental).There are many ways to categorize the causes of fatigue. To ensurethoroug
39、hness and to provide good coverage of most causes, they have beencategorized into four general factors. Crew-specific factors. Management factors (ashore and aboard ship). Ship-specific factors. Environmental factorsA Crew-specific factorsThe crew-specific factors are related to lifestyle behaviour,
40、 personal habitsand individual attributes. However, fatigue varies from one person toanother and its effects are often dependent on the particular activity beingperformed.The crew-specific factors include the following:. Sleep and rest Quality, quantity and duration of sleep Sleep disorders/disturba
41、nces Rest breaks. Biological clock/Circadian rhythms. Psychological and emotional factors, including stress Fear Monotony and boredom. Health Diet IllnessModule 1 Fatigue5. Stress Skill, knowledge and training as it relates to the job Personal problems Interpersonal relationships. Ingested chemicals
42、 Alcohol Drugs (prescription and non-prescription) Caffeine. Age. Shiftwork and work schedules. Workload (mental/physical). Jet lagB Management factors (ashore and aboard ship)The management factors relate to how ships are managed and operated.These factors can potentially cause stress and an increa
43、sed workload,ultimately resulting in fatigue. These factors include:1 Organizational factors. Staffing policies and retention. Role of riders and shore personnel. Paperwork requirements. Economics. Schedules-shift, overtime, breaks. Company culture and management style. Rules and regulations. Resour
44、ces. Upkeep of vessel. Training and selection of crew2 Voyage and scheduling factors. Frequency of port calls. Time between ports. Routeing. Weather and sea conditions en route. Traffic density en route. Nature of duties/workload while in portGuidelines on fatigue6C Ship-specific factorsThese factor
45、s include ship design features that can affect/cause fatigue. Someship design features affect workload (i.e., automation, equipment reliability),some affect the crews ability to sleep, and others affect the level of physicalstress on the crew (i.e., noise, vibration, accommodation spaces, etc.). The
46、following list details ship-specific factors:. Ship design. Level of automation. Level of redundancy. Equipment reliability. Inspection and maintenance. Age of vessel. Physical comfort in work spaces. Location of quarters. Ship motion. Physical comfort of accommodation spacesD Environmental factorsE
47、xposure to excess levels of environmental factors, e.g., temperature,humidity, excessive noise levels, can cause or affect fatigue. Long-termexposure may even cause harm to a persons health. Furthermore,considering that environmental factors may produce physical discomfort,they can also cause or con
48、tribute to the disruption of sleep.Ship motion is also considered an environmental factor. Motion affects apersons ability to maintain physical balance. This is due to the extra energyexpended to maintain balance while moving, especially during harsh seaconditions. There is a direct relation between
49、 a ships motion and a personsability to work. Excessive ship movement can also cause nausea and motionsickness.Environmental factors can also be divided into factors external to the shipand those internal to the ship. Within the ship, the crew is faced withelements such as noise, vibration and temperature (heat, cold, and humid-ity). External factors include port and weather conditions and vessel traffic.There are a number of things that can be done to address these causes. Somecontributors are more manageable than others. Opportunit
