1、I662Ewww.imo.orgThese Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species are intended to provide a globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling. They were adopted by the Marine Environment Protection Committee at its six
2、ty-second session, from 11 to 15 July 2011, in the form of resolution MEPC.207(62) and are the result of three years of consultation between IMO Member States. The Guidelines represent a decisive step towards regulating one of the most important vectors for aquatic invasions. GUIDELINES FOR THECONTR
3、OL AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPS BIOFOULINGTO MINIMIZE THE TRANSFER OF INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES2012 EDITIONLondon, 2012First published in 2012 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR www.imo.orgPrinted by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YYISBN: 978-92-801-1545-1IMO
4、 PUBLICATIONSales number: I662ECopyright International Maritime Organization 2012Cover photographs reproduced courtesy of Biofouling Solutions Pty Ltd (propeller and pink acorn barnacles) and Cawthron Institute (diver).All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a r
5、etrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the International Maritime Organization.Reproduction and/or translation rights may be available for this title. For further details please contact IMO Publishing at copyrightimo.org.This publication
6、 has been prepared from official documents of IMO, and every effort has been made to eliminate errors and reproduce the original text(s) faithfully. Readers should be aware that, in case of inconsistency, the official IMO text will prevail.iiiContentsForeword . 1Resolution MEPC.207(62) Guidelines fo
7、r the control and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species1 Introduction . 52 Definitions 63 Application . 84 Objectives 85 Biofouling management plan and record book . 96 Anti-fouling system installation and maintenance . 107 In-water inspection, cleaning
8、and maintenance 148 Design and construction . 189 Dissemination of information 1910 Training and education 2011 Other measures 2012 Future work . 21Appendix 1 Format and content of Biofouling Management Plan . 23Appendix 2 Form of Biofouling Record Bood 30Page1ForewordThe introduction of harmful aqu
9、atic organisms to new environments by ships has been identified as a major threat to the worlds oceans and to the conservation of biodiversity. Biofouling, described as the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and animals on submerged structures (especially ships hulls), is cons
10、idered one of the main vectors for bioinvasions.These Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species are intended to provide a globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling. They were adopted by the Marine Environment
11、 Protection Committee of the Interna-tional Maritime Organization at its sixty-second session, from 11 to 15 July 2011, in the form of resolution MEPC.207(62) and are the result of three years of consultation between IMO Member States. The Guidelines represent a decisive step towards regulating the
12、transfer of aquatic invasive species by ships.As scientific and technological advances are made, the Guidelines will be refined to enable the risk to be more adequately addressed. Port States, flag States, coastal States and other parties that can assist in mitigating the problems associated with bi
13、ofouling should exercise due diligence to implement the Guidelines to the maximum extent possible. Implementing practices to control and manage biofouling can greatly assist in reducing the risk of transfer of invasive aquatic species. Such management practices can improve a ships hydrodynamic perfo
14、rmance and can be effective tools in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing air emissions from ships.3Resolution MEPC.207(62) adopted on 15 July 2011 Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic speciesThe Marine Environment Protection
15、Committee,Recalling article 38 of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization concerning the functions of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) relating to any matter within the scope of the Organiza-tion concerned with the prevention and control of marine pollution from s
16、hips,Recalling also that Member States of the International Maritime Organiza-tion made a clear commitment to minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species by shipping in adopting the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004,Recalling f
17、urther that studies have shown biofouling on ships to be an important means of transferring invasive aquatic species which, if established in new ecosystems, may pose threats to the environment, human health, property and resources,Noting the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 199
18、2, and that the transfer and introduction of aquatic invasive species through ships biofouling threatens the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity,Noting also that implementing practices to control and manage ships biofouling can greatly assist in reducing the risk of the transfer
19、 of invasive aquatic species,Noting further that this issue, being of worldwide concern, demands a globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling,Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling4Having considered, at its sixty-second session, the draft Guidelines for the c
20、ontrol and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species, developed by the Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquids and Gases,1. Adopts the 2011 Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species, as set out i
21、n the annex to the present resolution;2. Requests Member States to take urgent action in applying these Guidelines, including the dissemination thereof to the shipping industry and other interested parties, taking these Guidelines into account when adopting measures to minimize the risk of introduci
22、ng invasive aquatic species via biofouling, and reporting to the MEPC on any experience gained in their implementation; and3. Agrees to keep these Guidelines under review in light of the experi-ence gained.51 Introduction1.1 In the adoption of the International Convention for the control and managem
23、ent of ships ballast water and sediments, 2004 (BWM Conven-tion), Member States of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) made a clear commitment to minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species by shipping. Studies have shown that biofouling can also be a significant vector for the tra
24、nsfer of invasive aquatic species. Biofouling on ships entering the waters of States may result in the establishment of invasive aquatic species which may pose threats to human, animal and plant life, economic and cultural activities and the aquatic environment.1.2 While the International Convention
25、 on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships, 2001 (AFS Convention) addresses anti-fouling systems on ships, its focus is on the prevention of adverse impacts from the use of anti-fouling systems and the biocides they may contain, rather than preventing the transfer of invasive aquatic s
26、pecies.1.3 The potential for invasive aquatic species transferred through biofoul-ing to cause harm has been recognized by the IMO, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), several UNEP Regional Seas Conventions (e.g., Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pol
27、lution), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), and the Secretariat of the Pacific Region Environmental Program (SPREP).1.4 All ships have some degree of biofouling, even those which may have been recently cleaned or had a new application of an anti-fouling coating system. Studies have
28、shown that the biofouling process begins within the first few hours of a ships immersion in water. The biofouling that may be found on a ship is influenced by a range of factors, such as follows:.1 design and construction, particularly the number, location and design of niche areas;.2 specific opera
29、ting profile, including factors such as operating speeds, ratio of time underway compared with time alongside, moored or at anchor, and where the ship is located when not in use (e.g., open anchorage or estuarine port);.3 places visited and trading routes; andGuidelines for the control and managemen
30、t of ships biofouling6.4 maintenance history, including: the type, age and condition of any anti-fouling coating system, installation and operation of anti-fouling systems and dry-docking/slipping and hull cleaning practices.1.5 Implementing practices to control and manage biofouling can greatly ass
31、ist in reducing the risk of the transfer of invasive aquatic species. Such management practices can also improve a ships hydrodynamic performance and can be effective tools in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing air emissions from ships. This concept has been identified by the IMO in the Guidan
32、ce for the development of a ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP) (MEPC.1/Circ.683).1.6 These Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofoul-ing to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species (the Guidelines) are intended to provide a globally consistent approach to the ma
33、nagement of biofouling. As scientific and technological advances are made, the Guide-lines will be refined to enable the risk to be more adequately addressed. Port States, flag States, coastal States and other parties that can assist in mitigating the problems associated with biofouling should exerc
34、ise due diligence to implement the Guidelines to the maximum extent possible.2 Definitions2.1 For the purposes of these Guidelines, the following definitions apply:AFS Convention means the International Convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships, 2001.Anti-fouling coating sys
35、tem means the combination of all component coatings, surface treatments (including primer, sealer, binder, anti-corrosive and anti-fouling coatings) or other surface treatments, used on a ship to control or prevent attachment of unwanted aquatic organisms.Anti-fouling system means a coating, paint,
36、surface treatment, surface, or device that is used on a ship to control or prevent attachment of unwanted organisms.Biofouling means the accumulation of aquatic organisms such as micro-organisms, plants, and animals on surfaces and structures immersed in or exposed to the aquatic environment. Biofou
37、ling can include microfoul-ing and macrofouling (see below).In-water cleaning means the physical removal of biofouling from a ship while in the water.Definitions7Invasive aquatic species means a species which may pose threats to human, animal and plant life, economic and cultural activities and the
38、aquatic environment.Marine growth prevention system (MGPS) means an anti-fouling system used for the prevention of biofouling accumulation in internal seawater cooling systems and sea chests and can include the use of anodes, injection systems and electrolysis.Member States means States that are Mem
39、bers of the International Maritime Organization.Macrofouling means large, distinct multicellular organisms visible to the human eye such as barnacles, tubeworms, or fronds of algae.Microfouling means microscopic organisms including bacteria and diatoms and the slimy substances that they produce. Bio
40、fouling comprised of only microfouling is commonly referred to as a slime layer.Niche areas mean areas on a ship that may be more susceptible to biofoul-ing due to different hydrodynamic forces, susceptibility to coating system wear or damage, or being inadequately, or not, painted, e.g., sea chests
41、, bow thrusters, propeller shafts, inlet gratings, dry-dock support strips, etc.Organization means the International Maritime Organization.Port State authority means any official or organization authorized by the Government of a port State to verify the compliance and enforcement of standards and re
42、gulations relevant to the implementation of national and international shipping control measures.Ship means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the aquatic environ-ment and includes hydrofoil boats, air-cushion vehicles, submersibles, float-ing craft, fixed or floating platforms, floating s
43、torage units (FSUs) and floating production storage and off-loading units (FPSOs).States means coastal, port or Member States as appropriate.Treatment means a process which may use a mechanical, physical, chemi-cal or biological method to remove or render sterile, invasive or potentially invasive aq
44、uatic species fouling a ship.Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling83 Application3.1 The Guidelines are intended to provide useful recommendations on general measures to minimize the risks associated with biofouling for all types of ships and are directed to States, shipmaster
45、s, operators and owners, shipbuilders, ship cleaning and maintenance operators, port authorities, ship repair, dry-docking and recycling facilities, ship designers, classifica-tion societies, anti-fouling paint manufacturers and suppliers and any other interested parties. A State should determine th
46、e extent that the Guidelines are applied within that particular State.3.2 A separate guidance document, based on these Guidelines, provides advice relevant to owners and/or operators of recreational craft less than 24 m in length, using terminology appropriate for that sector.3.3 States should infor
47、m the Organization of any relevant biofouling regulations, management requirements or restrictions they are applying to international shipping.4 Objectives4.1 The objectives of these Guidelines are to provide practical guidance to States, ship masters, operators and owners, shipbuilders, ship repair
48、, dry-docking and recycling facilities, ship cleaning and maintenance opera-tors, ship designers, classification societies, anti-fouling paint manufacturers and suppliers and any other interested parties, on measures to minimize the risk of transferring invasive aquatic species from ships biofouling
49、. It is important that biofouling management procedures be effective as well as environmentally safe, practical, designed to minimize costs and delays to the ship, and based upon these Guidelines whenever possible.4.2 To minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species, a ship should implement biofouling management practices, including the use of anti-fouling systems and other operational management practices to reduce the development of biofouling. The intent of such practices is to keep the ships submerged surfaces, and internal seawater cooling systems, as free o
