1、 Manual on Oil POllutiOn Section i Prevention 2011 editionLondon, 2011First published in 1983 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR www.imo.orgSecond edition 2011Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YYISBN: 978-92-801-4244-0IMO P
2、UBLICATIONSales number: IA557ECopyright International Maritime Organization 2011Photographs reproduced courtesy of OCIMF and UNICORNAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission i
3、n writing from the International Maritime Organization.Reproduction and/or translation rights may be available for this title. For further details please contact IMO Publishing at copyrightimo.org.This publication has been prepared from official documents of IMO, and every effort has been made to el
4、iminate errors and reproduce the original text(s) faithfully. Readers should be aware that, in case of inconsistency, the official IMO text will prevail.iiiPageContentsForeword . 1Glossary of abbreviations and definitions . 2Chapter 1 Introduction . 7Chapter 2 Requirements for all ships . 102.1 Gene
5、ral . 102.2 Bunkering operations . 132.3 Transferring fuel oil within a ship 142.4 Machinery space bilges . 152.5 Oily water separating equipment and oil content meters 182.6 Fuel and lubricating oil purifiers . 182.7 Oil Record Book 182.8 Checklists . 192.9 References . 192.10 Relevant industry web
6、sites . 20Chapter 3 Requirements for all tankers . 213.1 General application of MARPOL Annex I . 213.2 Oil tanker operations . 21A Crude oil tankers . 21B Product tankers 273.3 References . 30Chapter 4 Oil tanker operations at berths, piers or jetties . 314.1 General . 314.2 Requirements for berths
7、. 324.3 Requirements for facilities . 324.4 Control and communications . 364.5 Preparation for operations . 39Manual on Oil Pollution Section I PreventionivPage4.6 Performance of operations . 414.7 Completion of operations . 424.8 Suspension of operations 424.9 Cautionary notices 434.10 Documents 43
8、4.11 Training . 444.12 Oil spill response 454.13 Prevention, clean-up and reporting 464.14 References . 46Chapter 5 Oil tanker operations at offshore berths (single point and buoy moorings) . 475.1 General . 475.2 General description of facilities and their mooring arrangements 485.3 Hoses 525.4 Con
9、trol and communications . 545.5 Preparation for operations . 555.6 Performance of operations . 575.7 Completion of operations . 585.8 Suspension of operations 585.9 Training . 595.10 Oil spill response 595.11 Prevention, clean-up and reporting 595.12 References . 60Chapter 6 Ship-to-ship transfer of
10、 crude oil and petroleum products while underway or at anchor . 616.1 Introduction . 616.2 General requirements for vessels involved in ship-to-ship transfer operations . 626.3 Risk assessment . 736.4 Preparation for operations . 736.5 Performance of operations . 776.6 Completion of operations . 78C
11、ontentsvPage6.7 Suspension of operations 796.8 References . 79Chapter 7 Operations at offshore floating (production) storage and offloading facilities . 817.1 G eneral . 817.2 FPSO and FSU mooring arrangements 827.3 FPSO and FSU offloading arrangements. . . . . . . . . 837.4 Risk management . 857.5
12、Tandem moored offtake operations at FPSOs and FSUs 867.6 Side by side offtake operations at FPSOs and FSUs 887.7 Offtake tanker operations . 897.8 Control and communications . 907.9 Preparation for operations . 917.10 Performance of operations . 937.11 Completion of operations . 947.12 Suspension of
13、 operations 947.13 FPSO and FSU operations while disconnected from their mooring system . 957.14 References . 95Chapter 8 Oil tanker operations in ice covered waters . 978.1 Recommendations to ships operating in ice covered waters . 978.2 Ice classification rules 998.3 Ice navigator . 1018.4 Anchori
14、ng and towing 1018.5 Safety requirements 1028.6 Operating and training manuals . 1048.7 Environmental protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048.8 Vessel Traffic Management Information System (VTMIS) and Ship/Response Vessel System (Servs) . 1058.9 Preparing ships for sailing in ice cove
15、red waters . 106Manual on Oil Pollution Section I PreventionviPage8.10 Sailing in ice . 1078.11 Transfer of oil in ice covered waters 1088.12 References . 1108.13 Relevant industry body websites 111Chapter 9 Shore facilities and oil transfer operations other than at dock areas 112Appendix Examples o
16、f checklists 1131ForewordThis publication was prepared by the OPRC-HNS Technical Group, a subsidi-ary body of IMOs Marine Environment Protection Committee. It replaces the 1983 edition of the Manual on Oil Pollution, Section I Prevention. This revised edition significantly updates the information in
17、cluded in the previous edition and includes several new sections covering, in particular, prevention aspects of ship-to-ship transfers at sea and the prevention of pollution from ships in ice covered waters.The Manual on Oil Pollution, Section I aims to provide useful information to assist governmen
18、ts, in particular those of developing countries, in taking appropriate measure to prevent or minimize operational and accidental pollution from ships, in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of
19、1978 relating thereto (MARPOL).MARPOL is the main international convention aimed at protecting the marine environment from operational and accidental pollution from ships. Its six annexes regulate the prevention of marine pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances in bulk, harmful substances carrie
20、d by sea in packaged form, sewage, and garbage, as well as the prevention of air pollution.The Manual on Oil Pollution series consists of six sections:Section I Prevention (contained in this publication)Section II Contingency Planning (revised edition published 1995)Section III Salvage (revised edit
21、ion published 1997)Section IV Combating Oil Spills (revised edition published 2005)Section V Administrative Aspects of Oil Pollution Response (revised edition published 2009)Section VI IMO Guidelines for Sampling and Identification of Oil Spills (published 1998)Manual on Oil Pollution Section I Prev
22、ention2A greater understanding of spill effects and damages has strengthened the resolve of many governments to focus efforts on prevention. The premise of this manual is that every oil spill, regardless of its size or its source, is worthy of prevention efforts at some level. It is widely understoo
23、d that the size of an oil spill alone does not determine the degree of its resulting damage either environmentally or economically.This section of the Manual on Oil Pollution is intended to provide practical guidance, describing procedures for the handling of oil cargoes, bunkering, ship-to-ship tra
24、nsfer operations, transfer operations involving offshore units and operations in ice covered waters. It also provides an overview of the various practices, as a complement to the more detailed industry standards and codes of practice currently in place. The information provided does not supersede or
25、 replace any information, laws, or regulations contained in any other publications with respect to the waters and areas to which it pertains.Glossary of abbreviations and definitions berth Piers, jetties, mooring buoys or similar installations to which the facilities are affixed, serving for the moo
26、ring of ships and for the conduct of oil transfer and ancillary operations.CALM Catenary anchor leg mooring systemCBM Conventional buoy mooring systemCOLREG Convention on the International Regulations for Prevent-ing Collisions at Sea, 1972.COW Crude oil washing of crude oil tanks.differentiated com
27、pliance anchoring system (DICAS)A positioning system using anchoring of the ship, allowing it to move in order better to accommodate variations in the environment to avoid fully parallel (in which the ship is fully head on to the weather) or fully crosswise (athwart to the weather) situations, based
28、 on the distribution and setting-up of mooring lines, which define differentiated degrees of rigidity (compliance) in the anchoring system.dynamic positioning (DP)A computer controlled system to automatically maintain a vessels position and heading by using its own propellers and thrusters.facility
29、Complex of equipment and systems, permanently mounted on or integral to the berth and designed for the transfer of oil, loading or unloading tanker, reception of dirty ballast and oil residues and for bunkering.Glossary of abbreviations and definitions3FPSO A floating production, storage and offload
30、ing/offtake (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore indus-try for the processing of hydrocarbons and for storage of oil. FSU A floating vessel used only to store oil is referred to as a floating storage unit.HELCOM Helsinki Commission (Baltic Marine Environment Protec-tion Commission)h
31、ose A flexible pipe with arrangements for connection to facil-ity and ship.IACS International Association of Classification Societies IAPH International Association of Ports and Harboursice covered Waters where local ice conditions present a structural risk to a ship.ice navigator Any individual who
32、, in addition to being qualified under the STCW Convention, is specially trained and otherwise qualified to direct the movement of a ship in ice covered waters. Qualifications of an ice navigator should include documentary evidence of having completed on-the-job training, as appropriate, and may inc
33、lude simulation training.ICS International Chamber of ShippingIGS Inert gas systemISGOTT International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals INTERTANKO International Association of Independent Tanker OwnersISM Code International Safety Management Codelightering See “ship-to-ship transfer”.loadi
34、ng arm Part of the facility consisting of hinged pipes and arrange-ments for their connection to tanker manifolds. The design of the loading arm may incorporate a permanently connected hose.LOADLINE International Convention on Load Lines, 1966MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pol
35、lution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating theretoMEPC IMOs Marine Environment Protection Committee Manual on Oil Pollution Section I Prevention4MBM Multi buoy moorings MSDS Material Safety Data SheetOCIMF Oil Companies International Marine ForumODME Oil discharge monitori
36、ng equipmentoffloading The process of unloading oil from the FPSO or FSU to the offtake oil tanker.offtake The vessel receiving the oil consolidated on board a FPSO or FSU.oil transfer systemA system which may include pipelines, loading arms, hoses and pumps with accessories designed for pumping oil
37、, dirty ballast and oil residues from a vessel or for deliv-ering cargo oil and bunkers to vessel.operation Encompasses loading, discharging or transfer of oil, bunkering, tank washing, discharge of oily residues, and the transfer and storage of dirty ballast.person in overall advisory controlThe pe
38、rson agreed to be in overall advisory control of an STS operation. It may be one of the Masters (generally the Master of the manoeuvring ship) or it may be an STS Superintendent.PLEM Pipeline end manifold responsible person(s)The person(s) in charge of the operation on the tanker and in charge of th
39、e operation on the berth.Servs Ship/Response Vessel System SOPEP Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Planship-to-ship transferThe transfer of oil cargo from one vessel to another. (Sometimes referred to as “lightening” or “lightering”.)shuttle tanker A vessel designated for offtake of cargo from a FPS
40、O or a FSU. Such a vessel would normally have a bow loading system and a means of station keeping relative to the FPSO or FSU, without the aid of tugs.single anchor leg mooring system (SALM)A mooring facility dedicated to the offshore petroleum discharge system. Once installed, it permits a tanker t
41、o remain on station and pump in much higher sea states than is possible with a spread moor.single point mooring (SPM)An integrated mooring arrangement for bow mooring a conventional tanker.Glossary of abbreviations and definitions5SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974SOP
42、EP Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan special areas As defined in regulation 10 of MARPOL Annex I.SRS Ship Reporting System STCW International Convention on Standards of Training, Certifi-cation and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978SWL Safe working load UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law
43、 of the Sea VRP Vessel Response PlanVTMIS Vessel Traffic Management Information System VTS Vessel Traffic Service WMO World Meteorological Organization7Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Prevention of pollution into the marine environment as a conse-quence of shipping is a primary objective of IMOs work and
44、remains the preferred and most economic means of limiting the introduction of pollut-ants into the marine environment. A key element in IMOs programme for maritime safety and pollution prevention is the development and imple-mentation of a global regulatory framework designed to enhance safety and t
45、o prevent, and eventually eliminate completely, pollution of the marine environment.1.2 The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL) is the main international convention aimed at protecting the marine env
46、iron-ment from operational and accidental pollution from ships. Its six annexes regulate the prevention of marine pollution by oil; noxious liquid substances in bulk; harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form; sewage; and garbage, as well as the prevention of air pollution.1.3 In accordance
47、 with the provisions of MARPOL, vessels are designed, constructed and operated in an integrated manner, with the objective of preventing and, ultimately, eliminating all harmful discharges and emissions throughout their working life. This holistic philosophy encompasses all vessel operations and the
48、ir possible impact on the environment, and provides increased opportunities for transport managers to choose environmentally sound sea transport options.1.4 In recent years, the international maritime transport of oil has grown dramatically. Between 1983 and 2002, world seaborne trade rose from arou
49、nd 12 billion tonne miles to some 23 billion tonne miles, an increase of over 90%. The carriage of oil and petroleum products accounts for a signifi-cant part of this increase, rising to approximately 76% from 5.6 billion tonne miles to 9.9 billion tonne miles during this same period. In tonnage terms, the amount of oil transported by sea increased from 1.21 billion tonnes in 1983 to almost 2 billion tonnes in 2002. A total of 33.73 billion tonnes was carried over this 19-year period.Manual o
