1、Section VIMANUAL ONOIL POLLUTIONIMO GUIDELINESFOR SAMPLINGAND IDENTIFICATIONOF OIL SPILLSBINTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATIONLondon, 1998First published in 1998by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SRPrinted in the United Kingdom by Signal Press Ltd2468109753ISBN
2、 92-801-1451-4IMO PUBLICATIONSales number: IA578ECopyright# IMO 1998All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be produced,stored in a retrieval system or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic,magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,without prior per
3、mission in writing from theInternational Maritime Organization.ForewordThe IMO Guidelines for Sampling and Identification of Oil Spills areintended to provide guidance to governments, including those ofdeveloping countries, on the techniques, equipment and strategies forsampling oil to identify unkn
4、own sources of spilled oil. Althoughreferences are given for the laboratory methods required for analysis,the emphasis in this text is on the details of the field work required tocollect the samples.The integrity of the samples at every point from collection throughshipmentandanalysisisimportant. Th
5、e foundation of any chemicalanalysis is sampling. Sampling correctly provides a representativeportion of oil that is not contaminated by other products. Storage andshipmentensurethatthesamplewillnotdeterioratebeforeitcanbeanalysed. For oil spills in particular, the analytical process involvescompari
6、ng the chemical characteristics, or fingerprints, of the spilledoil and various suspected sources. Therefore, success in matching spillsto sources depends on knowing locations where samples should betaken. The education of field samplers with the information in thispublication will facilitate the id
7、entification of the sources of spilled oil.This publication has been written to provide a comprehensive anddetailed explanation of all aspects of the sampling process. TheseGuidelines, which deliberately include many different options that arecurrently in use, may be used in several ways. They can b
8、e provideddirectly to field personnel or used as a basis to prepare guidelinesspecifically for individual countries.The draft of this document was developed by a working group formed oftechnical experts who attended the 1995 Oil Spill Research andDevelopment Forum, which was held at IMO headquarters
9、 in Londonin May 1995. LCDR Kristy Plourde of the US Coast Guard MarineSafety Laboratory chaired the working group and prepared the draft,with active participation by experts from Australia, Bulgaria, theUnited Kingdom, Germany and Denmark.iiiContentsPage1 Introduction 12 Definitions. 23 Acronyms an
10、d abbreviations 34 Suppliesandequipment. 45 Safety. 76 Planningaheadforsamplecollection. 77 Samplingprocedures 88 Sampleidentificationandsecurity.199 Storingthesamples.2110 Requestinglaboratoryanalysis.2311 Shippingsamplestothelaboratory2312 Choosingalaboratory2913 Laboratoryanalysis.30AppendixA Oil
11、samplingandshippingchecklists32AppendixB Chain-of-custodyrecord35Appendix C Proper Shipping Names and UN Numbersforpetroleumproducts.36Appendix D Flashpoint ranges for typical petroleum products. 37Appendix E ASTM and NORDTEST standards for analysisofwaterborneoilspillsamples.38v1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Wh
12、y? Identification of the responsible party or source for anoil spill incident may require the laboratory analysis of oil samples. Thisis one part of the overall task of investigating the oil spills and suspectedsources. It is possible to identify differences between one oil and anotherand similariti
13、es between a spilled oil and its source. Many laboratorieshave the ability to do the laboratory analysis and interpretation.Comparison of the spilled oil with its potential source samples canprovide evidence of the source of the oil. This guide was written to helppeople who have the task of collecti
14、ng oil samples and sending them to alaboratory. This is a very important task, as important as the analysis inthe laboratory. If the tasks are not done correctly, either the laboratorywillnotbeabletoidentifythesourceoftheoilortheresultswillnotstand up to legal examination. In either case, all the wo
15、rk of sampling,the laboratory analysis and the investigation may be wasted.1.2 Who? This guide is written in the form of instructions for thesample collector. It is very unusual for someone to be specialized as anoil sample collector and to have no other task responsibilities.Experience is helpful;
16、however, one purpose of this guide is to trainsample collectors with no experience. Reading this guide, obtainingsampling supplies and practicing before a spill occurs will result in abetter response in a real spill situation.1.3 What? Thereareanumberofdifferentpartsofthetaskoftakinga sample from th
17、e water and sending it to a laboratory. Some involvethinking about where and how to sample; others involve the details ofpaperwork that are critical to establishing the legal chain of custody forthe samples. It is also important to know how to store samples and howto pack and ship samples so that th
18、ey arrive unbroken. This guidediscusses each of these topics in detail in different chapters. This guidedoes not address legal requirements and only addresses generalsampling procedures. Consult the legal requirements for your countryto determine what evidentiary procedures are required. This includ
19、es,but is not limited to: laws and regulations pertaining to oil pollution,procedures for evidence collection and storage, witnesses requiredduring evidence collection, number of samples required from eachsampling point, limitations as to when/where samples are collected,procedures for interviewing
20、potential defendants, reports, photographs,etc.1.4 When? Thebesttimeissoonerratherthanlater.Petroleumoilisa complex mixture of many different chemical components. When oil isspilled, it begins to weather, or change, due to differences in theproperties of these components. Evaporation of the lightest
21、, mostvolatile, of these components is the primary process. Although the1chemist understands the weathering processes and how it affects thedata, analysis is always easier with fresh oil. Another consideration isthat the source of oil may change with time, especially if it is a mixture ofoils within
22、 a bilge. A timely response is critical for the success of thesecases.1.5 How? The directions are accompanied by illustrations andpictures. They describe the technical procedures to be used and havebeen found to work. This manual has been compiled from proceduresused by either NORDTEST (European ana
23、lytical standard) or the USCoast Guard. There are a variety of approaches that may be useful for agiven situation. Implementation of these techniques will depend onequipment and supplies that are locally available. Sampling techniquesneed not be restricted in concept to those described here, althoug
24、h legalrequirements for specific countries may do so. Innovations that preservethe sample integrity, lower the cost of supplies, or increase the ease ofsampling are encouraged. Suggestions for additions to this manual maybe sent to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).2 DEFINITIONSBilge wat
25、er: amixtureincluding waterandoilcollectedinthebilgeofthemachinery space in a ship as a result of leakage, drainage, etc.Chain of custody: the series of actions taken in transferring a sample sothat the sample cannot be tampered with or altered accidentally. The oilportion is typically a mixture of
26、fuel oils and lubricating oils.Enclosed space: a space which has any of the following characteristics:limitedopeningsforentry andexit,unfavourablenaturalventilation,notdesignedforcontinuousworkeroccupancy.Itincludes,butisnotlimitedto,cargospaces,doublebottoms,fueltanks,pump-rooms,compressorrooms, co
27、fferdams, void spaces, duct keels, inter-barrier spaces, enginecrankcases and sewage tanks.Deck log-book: full nautical and cargo handling record of a ships voyage,written up at the end of each watch (or duty period) by the officer incharge.Emulsified oil: suspended mixture of two immiscible fluids
28、(water andoil), one being dispersed in the other in the form of fine droplets.Engine log-book: a book in which all particulars relating to the operationofthepropellingandauxiliarymachineryareenteredbytheengineersincharge.Flashpoint: the temperature in degrees Celsius at which a product willgive off
29、enough flammable vapour to be ignited. A detailed definition ofthis property is contained in volume II of the International MaritimeDangerous Goods Code, class 3: Flammable Liquids.Homogeneous: uniform throughout in composition.Heterogeneous: any mixture or solution comprising two or moresubstances,
30、 whether or not they are uniformly dispersed.Inhomogeneous: not uniform throughout in composition.2Limited quantity: as defined by International Air Transport Association(IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations, section 2.8.Log-book: a ships journal or tabulated summary of the performance ofthe vessel, he
31、r engines and other daily events, entered by the masteraccording to the law.Oil record book: a book in which all operations concerning oil or oilymixtures are entered, compulsory on oil tankers of 150 grt and over,and on other ships of 400 grt and over.Responsible party: a person or group identified
32、 as the source or cause ofthe oil spill.Sample: a representative portion of an oil spill or source product whichcan be transported to a laboratory for identification and analysis.Oil sheen: an extremely thin layer or film of petroleum product causingsome visual evidence on the water surface.Oil slic
33、k: a thin film of oil on water.Slop: mixture of water and oil residues from cargo tanks in oil tankersthatmaycontainoil/wateremulsions,paraffinwax,sedimentsandothertank residues.Sludge: deposits, generally from the purification of fuel and lubricationoils, consisting of mixtures including oil, paraf
34、fin wax, sediments andother tank residues.Tank washings: tank washing water containing cargo tank residuesincluding oil, paraffin wax, sediment and other foreign matter such astank cleaning chemicals.Tarballs: oilthat has evaporated and possibly mixed with debris and hasformed into a solid mass or s
35、olid form.Weathering: all changes in oil composition which take place after thespillage, including evaporation, dissolution, oxidation, biologicaldecomposition, etc.3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSIMO International Maritime OrganizationIATA International Air Transport Associationgrt gross tonsUN United
36、NationsN.O.S. not otherwise specifiedASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsSOP standard operating proceduresMARPOL 73/78 International Convention for the Prevention ofPollution from Ships, 1973, as amended by theProtocol of 1978 relating theretoISO International Standards Organization34 SUP
37、PLIES AND EQUIPMENT4.1 Obtain in advance Sampling equipment should be obtained inadvance and ready for use. Consult with appropriate legal authorities todetermine numbers of samples required.4.2 Pre-cleansamplingequipment Sampling equipment should bepre-cleaned to remove any oil residues (including
38、finger oils) that maymix with the oil collected and interfere with the laboratory analysis. Theuse of sampling containers contaminated with oil should be avoided.Sampling equipment, if not purchased pre-cleaned, should be cleanedwith a detergent wash, rinsed with distilled water, and then rinsed wit
39、hsolvent (like dichloromethane, hexanes, etc.). The larger the volume of oilcollected,thelesslikelytheoil-contaminatedjar(orcollectiondevice)willcontaminatethesample.Pre-cleanedsupplies,ifneeded,canbewrappedin aluminium foil to prevent contamination while being stored ortransported to the spill.4.3
40、List of supplies and equipment Sampling equipment mayinclude, but is not limited to, the following:.1 Sample jars for collecting samples (figure 1), glass, approxi-mately 250 ml in size and pre-cleaned prior to use. The jarlidsshouldbelinedwithTeflon1(TFEfluorocarbonpolymer)or aluminium.2 Plastic co
41、ntainers should not be used. Part of the plastic maymixwiththeoiland changetheoil.However,ifallyouhaveisplastic containers or even bags, it is better to use these thannothing at all.3 Equipment for sheen collection: TFE fluorocarbon polymernets (figure 2) or bags (figure 3), rings and extension pole
42、s.TFE fluorocarbon polymer sheets of mesh fabric may also beused.4 Disposable gloves, 100% nitrile medical examination gloves(figure 4). Gloves help in two ways; they keep oil from gettingon your hands and keep oils from your hands from gettinginto the sample.5 Cardboard shipping tubes for packing s
43、ample jars for ship-ment.6 Tape for sealing sample jars and shipping tubes, approxi-mately 2 cm wide. Also, tape for closing fibreboard box, ap-proximately 10 cm wide.7 Fibreboard boxes for shipping samples, approximately25 cm 6 25 cm 6 25 cm.8 Sorbentmaterialforpackinginboxestoabsorboilifjarsleak.9
44、 Greaseproof plastic bags for lining shipping boxes, approxi-mately 50 cm 6 65 cm.4Figure 1Figure 25Figure 3Figure 46.10 Sampling log-book to record all relevant information aboutthe samples and spill situation.11 Chain of custody and sample identification labels,whitead-hesive, approximately 5 cm61
45、0 cm, water- and oil-resistant(see figure 13).12 Shipping labels, pressure-sensitive, approximately 10 cm 610 cm: hazard class 3 Flammable Liquid label or hazardclass 9 Miscellaneous label (see figure 17).13 Envelope, heavy-duty, to keep paperworkcleananddrydur-ing shipment, water-vapour-proof and g
46、reaseproof.14 Towels, absorbent cloth or paper, to clean sample jars aftersample is taken.15 Twine, string or cord for hard-to-reach sample areas, cotton,six-ply (six threads twisted together).16 Tongue depressors or pre-cleaned metal scoop to aid in col-lecting samples of heavy oils or tar balls.17
47、 Sampling kit case to hold all sampling equipment ready fortransport to spill location.5SAFETY5.1 Think of safety first. When collecting samples from the spill, try tostay upwind of the spill.5.2 It is important to wear clean gloves to protect your hands whencollecting samples. This is true for both
48、 spill samples and suspectsamples. This limits the exposure you will get to dangerous chemicalcompounds often found in petroleum oils (like benzene).5.3 Collecting oil samples is often done at night or in cold weather.Staying alert is very important. If you areunsureifitissafetocollectasample, it is
49、 probably best to wait until more information is known oruntil weather conditions improve.5.4 When sampling any source, you should be accompanied by amember of the crew. It can be very dangerous taking samples fromvessels and other sources, therefore persons sampling from suchsources should be experienced or acquainted with the generalconstruction of vessels and be aware of confined space entryregulations. Seek advice when in doubt. If taking samples from a ship,the sample collector should be accompanied by a member of the shipscrew at all times. The s
