1、Manual on Chemical PolluQion Secti a ass9 edition 1 I/ I 11 I j Manual on Chemical Pollution Section 1 PROBLEM ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS I INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION London, 1999 Published in 1987 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment. London SE1 7SR Seco
2、nd edition 1999 Printed in the United Kingdom by the International Maritime Organization 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 ISBN 92-80 1-6096-6 1 IMO PUBLICATION I I Sales number: IA630E I Copyright 0 International Maritime Organization 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored i
3、n a retrieval system or trunsniitted in any form or by any means withour prior permission in writing from the Internationul Maritime Organization. Foreword This publication, prepared by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) supersedes the 1986 e
4、dition of section 1 of the Manual on Chemical Pollution. For the purpose of this Manual, hazardous materials (HNS) include, but are not limited to: noxious liquid substances, described under Annex I1 of MARPOL 73/78 and the International Bulk Chemical Code IBC Code); dangerous goods, described in th
5、e International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code IMDG Code); gases regulated under the International Gas Carrier Code IGC Code); and solid cargoes covered by the Code of Safe Practice of Solid Bulk Cargoes BC Code). It provides guidance to Governments on ways of assessing hazards associated with spilla
6、ges of hazardous and noxious substances and of setting up response organizations. Further, it describes safe operational practice in response. The present section of this Manual does not deal with the recovery of packages lost during incidents at sea, nor with problems particular to radioactive and
7、explosive substances. These matters are covered in section 2 of the Manual: Search and Recovery of Packaged Goods Lost at Sea. Problems related to oil pollution casualties and related information are specifically addressed in the Manual on Oil Pollution (sections I to VI). iii Contents Page Introduc
8、tion 1 Regulatory framework for the carnage of HNS at sea General remarks . 5 Principal conventions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 5 HNS in bulk . 6 HNS in package form (dangerous goods) . 8 Emergency precautions on board 10 Notification and reporting of accidents causing or likely
9、 to cause spillage of HNS . 11 Example of a POLREP 13 Hazards and fate of released HNS General remarks 17 Cargo flows . 17 Hazardous properties of HNS 19 Behaviour and fate of released HNS . 31 Definitions of terms used to describe hazard characteristics 45 Example of a chemical compatibility chart
10、48 A classification flow chart 50 Chemical emergency preparedness General remarks on emergency response systems . 51 Optimized response organization 55 Response support system (RSS) . 58 Response methods and techniques General remarks 61 Systematic approach to emergency response 62 Response on board
11、 ships 67 Response options for spills at sea . 71 Health and safety strategy . 89 Maritime safety card . 98 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Annex 2- 1 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Annex 3- 1 Annex 3-2 Annex 3-3 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Annex 5-1 Previous page is b
12、lank V Annex 5-2 Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Levels of protection for pre-determined levels of hazards . 99 Case histories General remarks 103 Case history 1 . 103 Case history 2 . 104 Case history 3 . 105 Case history 4 . 106 Case history 5 . 107 Case history 6 . 108 Case his
13、tory 7 . 109 . Case history 8 . 109 Summary of measures 110 Chapter 1 Introduction Broadly defined, hazardous and noxious substances HNS) are those substances that due to their intrinsic properties may, if released, endanger human life, the environment or property. However, for the purpose of this M
14、anual, this definition excludes oil, as oil-related pollution matters are dealt with in other IMO technical manuals. In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the transport and storage of HNS. If allowed to escape, these materials can present a danger to a ships crew, the vessel, coastal pop
15、ulations and/or the environment. Accordingly, public concern over these materials has grown, and both Governments and industry have taken steps to address and respond to such incidents. Marine spills involving HNS are not as frequent as oil spills, and may receive little publicity due to their less
16、visible nature. However, on a global basis, marine spills involving HNS are not rare. In fact, a world- wide survey of marine HNS emergencies* (see table 1) showed that: 0 there is a wide range of cargoes which need to be considered as potential threats; 0 most accidents involved mainly two classes
17、of HNS: flammable liquids and corrosive materials; 0 one to two major HNS accidents can be expected each year: 0 a wide variety of ship types were associated with HNS accidents; and HNS accidents were almost equally divided between “bulk and “packaged goods” shipments. 0 There is no doubt that if a
18、spill involving HNS is to be handled successfully and damage minimized, careful planning is essential. Many of the factors which need to be taken into account when preparing for HNS events, including the drawing up of chemical-spill plans, are similar to those required for oil spills. A number of co
19、untries have adapted their oil spill contingency plans to address chemical spill incidents. In addition to using the oil spill planning framework, these countries have also tended to rely on the same basic organizational arrangements in order to avoid creating two separate response structures. Given
20、 the wide range of chemicals and their diverse hazards and properties, expertise from the chemical industry may be required to ensure that safe and practical procedures are followed. * Brian Mansfield, “Can Overboard”, Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills, 1994. 1 Chapter 1 Table 1: Examples of acci
21、dents involving ships carrying HNS (1 91 7- 1995) (Year) Vessel (19 17) Mont- Explosives !- Blanc Quantity Accident type involved 2.600 tonnes Explosion (3.000 people + killed, 9,000 injured) Location Halifax. Canada Port of Texas City, USA (1 947) Grandcamp Ammonium nitrate 2,200 tonnes Fire and ex
22、plosion (468 killed) causing a domino effect (fire/ explosion) on a vessel berthed nearby (250 m) which carried ammonium nitrate and sulphur (1 974) Caulat Tetraethyl lead Tetramethyl lead 150 tonnes in drums 120 tonnes in drums Off Italian coast Collision and sinking 1 Er;fn I (1976) RenC 16 Landsk
23、rna. Ammonia 180 tonnes Hose rupture I 51 one-tonne Cylinders lost at sea I cylinders I due to bad weather 1 North Sea I (1979) Sindbad Chlorine I Vinyl chloride Mixed dangerous cargo in package form Sinking Adriatic Sea coast ( 1984) Brigitta Monfanari (1 987) Cason 1,300 tonnes 1.000 tonnes (1988)
24、 Anna Acrylonitrile 547 tonnes I Collision and sinking Broere I Dodecylbenzene I500 tonnes 550 tonnes 1.000 Sinking I OffItalian I(1991) / coast Caustic soda 4.200 tonnes Off one of the Greek archipelagic Zhanijiang. China ( 1994) Tus Grounding (1995) Chung Mu 1 No.* 3 10 tonnes Styrene Thus, althou
25、gh elements of preparedness and response for oil and HNS are similar in the recommended organizational and administrative structures, there are some differences from a technical standpoint in terms of protective and safety measures and pollution response equipment. In the latter case, these differen
26、ces are due to a number of I reasons: 0 oil normally floats in viscous layers; this behaviour is valid only for a minor proportion of HNS; oil spills are highly visible; in many cases spills involving HNS are not so easy to see: 0 Introduction 0 oil spill response technology is well developed: this
27、is not the case for HNS: skimming of oil from the water surface can be carried out with reasonable success: this is often not always feasible for HNS. This Manual is designed to assist national and local response organizations in developing effective spill response procedures under the unique condit
28、ions imposed by the marine environment and, more specifically, to be used by the following groups: decision-makers from governmental agencies or private industry: local response managers lacking a maritime background, but who are involved with emergency personnel and are familiar with response proce
29、dures for HNS: ship personnel, who will need to co-ordinate with shore- based response teams in case of emergencies: and port authorities or terminal managers, who need guidance in integrating shore-based response with shipboard re- sponse. Two other references supported by IMO are recommended: Awar
30、eness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level APELL) for Port Areas * and Guidance Concerning Chemical Safety in Port Areas?. The first was jointly produced with the United Nations Environment Programme l (UNEP) and the second with the Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development
31、(OECD). 0 0 0 0 0 * To obtain a copy, write to: Industry and Environment Office, UNEP, Tour Mirabeau, 39 - 43 Quai Andre Citroen, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. This document is catalogued as OECD Environment Monograph No. 118. For information on how to obtain a copy, write to: OECD Pans Centre, 22 r
32、ue Andre Pascal, 75775 Pans Cedex 16, France. 3 Chapter 2 ReguZatoryfiarnework for the carriage of HNS at sea 2.1 General remarks HNS cargoes may be carried at sea either in bulk or in package form. There are many ship types which carry HNS. These include: dry bulk carriers, which carry solid bulk c
33、argoes such as grain, fishmeal, ores and semi-manufactured products: oil/bulk/ore carriers or Combination carriers, which are multi-purpose carriers of bulk cargoes, either in liquid or solid form, and are designed to avoid having to make the return voyage in ballast; containerships, which are speci
34、alized carriers that transport packaged goods in containers and are mainly designed for general dry cargo (box-type), although specialized contain- ers can take solids (e.g., powder) or liquid chemicals in portable (ISO) tanks: general cargo ships, which usually carry cargo in relatively small consi
35、gnments (e.g., crates, boxes, drums or sacks), all placed in close proximity in several large holds: ro-ro vessels, which are designed with facilities for quick loading and discharging, with cargoes being moved on and off using road trailers or rail tank cars: chemical carriers, which are a speciali
36、zed class of tankers designed to carry liquid chemicals and are referred to as “chemical carriers”, “product tankers”, or “parcel tankers”; and gas carriers, which carry liquefied gas cargoes under pressure, under reduced temperature conditions, or both. These liquefied cargoes will evaporate rapidi
37、y when exposed to ambient pressure and temperature. 2.2 Principal conventions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) The two most important international conventions covering the sea transport of HNS in bulk and in package form are: the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Se
38、a (SOLAS), 1974, as amended (see SOLAS, chapter VII): 5 Chapter 2 0 the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), as amended (see MARPOL, Annexes I1 and 111). 2.3 HNS in bulk Bulk HNS cargoes are th
39、ose loaded without packaging directly into cargo tanks or holds of ships. 2.3.1 Bulk liquid HNS Chemical tankers vary in size from about 400 m3 to 40,000 m3 capacity, with tank sizes ranging from about 70 m3 up to 3,000 m3 for specialized cargoes. Some of these ships are dedicated to particular prod
40、ucts or routes, but most of them carry a wide range of chemicals having differing properties and hazards. L5JE-7- asorccanm onmrrrnecanm SWw Figure 2.1: Cargo tank layout of a chemical parcel) carrier Source: IMO) Provisions for the construction and equipment for ships carrying liquid chemicals in b
41、ulk are set out in IMOs Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) and the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code). Operational safety procedures are set out in the Tanker Saf
42、ety Guide (Chemicals) of the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS). Gas carriers vary in size up to 135,000 m3 capacity. These ships carry gas cargoes in liquefied form through the application of reduced temperatures, increased pressures, or a combination of both. The largest ships are used for th
43、e liquefied natural gas (LNG) trades, while the other main products include propane, butane, ammonia and vinyl chloride, which are carried in LPG carriers. Figure 2.2: A typical fully refrigerated LPG carrier Source: Roger C. Ffooks editor), Gas Carrier, Fairplay Ltd, London, 1984 6 Regulatory frame
44、workfor the carriage of HNS at sea Ships designed to carry liquefied gases in bulk are regulated by IMOs International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code), which contains provisions for the construction and equipment of gas carriers built afte
45、r mid- 1986. The Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gas) published by the ICS contains operational safety procedures and complements the requirements set out in the IGC Code. For gas carriers built before 1986, there are two other gas codes: IMOs Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
46、 Liquefied Gases in Bulk (Gas Carrier Code) covers ships built between 1976 and 1986; the Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk covers ships built before 1976. Whereas the Codes dealing with gas carriers and chemical tankers are mandatory under SOLAS and h4ARPOL for ships built af
47、ter 1986, older ships should comply with earlier codes. 2.3.2 Bulk solid HNS The hazards associated with shipment of solid bulk products include: 0 a structural damage due to improper distribution of the cargo; loss or reduction of stability during the voyage, either due to a shift of cargo, or to t
48、he cargo liquefying under combined factors of vibration and motion of the ship; and 0 chemical reactions such as the emission of toxic or explosive gases. IMOs Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes (BC Code) highlights the dangers associated with the shipment of certain types of bulk cargoes,
49、 lists typical products which are shipped and gives advice on their properties. COfF PH ;I PH COFF Figure 2.3: Schematic diagram of a bulk carrier B 7 Chapter 2 The various IMO codes for the carriage of bulk HNS can be used to respond effectively to incidents. Sections of the codes contain details on chemical hazards, pollution category, etc. These are vital for an effective response, since a hazard evaluation of the product in question can be obtained by consulting the relevant sections. S”l Figure 2.4: Extract from chapter 17 of the IBC Code Source: IMO) 2.4 HNS packag
