1、HULL AND SURVEYS 2004 Edition I rl ox+ MODEL COU3E STRUCTURAL lrrl 1 Irlrrt: Cor-ndiux I- - W=- I -I I4 1 Parts A, C, D, E INTERNATIONAL I MARITIME ORGANIZATION MODEL COURSE 3.07 HULL AND STRUCTURAL SURVEYS 2004 Edition COMPENDIUM - VOLUME 1 PARTSA, C, D, E Model course developed under the IMO - IAC
2、S Programme INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION London, 2004 First published in 1992 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR Revised edition 2004 Printed in the United Kingdom by lntype Libra 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 I I M 0 PUB L I CAT1 ON I I Sales number: TA307C
3、E (1) I ISBN 92-80 1-41 88-0 Copyright 0 IMO 2004 All rights reserved. No part of tliis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in
4、 writing from the International Maritime Organization. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This course on hull and structural surveys is based on material developed for IMO, under contract, by IACS. IMO expresses its sincere appreciation to IACS. COMPENDIUM CONTENTS In this volume (Volume I): Preface . v Part A: Surve
5、y Requirements, Method of Survey, Performance and Evaluation of Survey Results . 1 Part C: Acceptance and Tolerance Criteria . 201 Part D: Definitions and Terms 341 Part E: Miscellaneous . .455 0 Ab brevia t ions 0 Bibliography In Volume 2: Part B: Inspection and Testing Procedures PREFACE IMO Model
6、 Course 3.07 on Hull and Structural Surveys Is deemed to provide guidance and background for the SOLAS and Load Line Requirements for the assessment of structural safety of ships. The compendium is designed in such a way as to display in PART A: PART B: PART C: PART D: The subjects of the course, na
7、mely the requirements of the relevant conventions, their implementation during construction and their efficient control during the periods of service. The necessary survey methods and the required results are re viewed in this part. Shows details of survey procedures when ships are tested and inspec
8、ted during the newbuilding process and sea trials, and during the service period when their condition is assessed for structural fitness. Refers to standards of acceptance and tolerance criteria, acknowledged in the shipping industry and by classification societies. In this part the most common mean
9、s of judgment and measure are provided to enable a satisfactory evaluation of survey facts and results. Finally states and illustrates basic terms and definitions when hull and structural details are inspected, described and reported. It renders support to the subjects in Part A, and also provides a
10、 common base in terminology, designation of parts and structures in hull survey procedures. Where sources have been used, reference has been made by directly citing the origin. A review of respective publications is contained in the attached bibliography. The course is based on the requirements of t
11、he relevant IMO international conventions, supplemented by procedures used by classification societies, the majority of which is based on IACS regulations, instructions and classification requirements. Needless to say that other acknowledged classification societies have comparable inspection proced
12、ures, terms of interpretation and measures of tolerances. Backed by a wealth of technical expertise, know-how, and means of experimental and theoretical research the classification societies are the backbone of safety and reliability of technical fitness and innovation in the shipping industry. Appl
13、ication and interpretation of their rules, regulations and standards must therefore also be seen with this background and in the light of the purposely trained surveyors on the scene who by themselves add the human sense and touch to the technical subjects concerned. Previous page is blank V PART A
14、SURVEY REQUIREMENTS, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION METHOD OF SURVEY, OF SURVEY RESULTS Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Subject 5 Subject 6 Subject 7 Subject 8 Subject 9 Subject 10 Subject 11 Subject 12 Subject 13 Page Introduction 3 Preparation for Surveys . 21 Hull Survey Methods 33 Failure and Da
15、mages . 49 Initial Survey, Hull 63 Annual Survey, Hull 77 Outside Inspection of the Ships Bottom . 97 Intermediate Survey 107 Renewal Survey 113 125 Enhanced Survey Program . 171 Add it ional Surveys . 177 Practical Training . Reporting 181 . PART A SUBJECT I : INTRODUCTION 1. THE ROLE OF THE INTERN
16、ATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 5 THE STRUCTURE OF IMO 5 IMO MANAGEMENT BY CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS . 6 IMO MANAGEMENT BY CODESAND RECOMMENDATIONS 6 2. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS . 7 1.1 1.2 1.3 3. SOLAS, ILLC AND MARPOL . , a 4. SURVEYS AND CERTIFICATION 9 4.2 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS . 9 4.3 TYPE TEST APPR
17、OVALS . 9 4.4 CONSTRUCTION APPROVALS 10 4.5 SOLAS 74/78 CERTIFICATES 10 4.6 HARMONIZING SURVEYS AND CERTIFICATION 11 4.6.1 Intention 11 4.6.2 Guidelines . 12 4.6.3 Types of Survey (from RES A.948(23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.7 ILLC
18、 CERTIFICATE 15 4.8 DOCUMENTS OF COMPLIANCE 15 4.9 MARPOL 73/78/90 CERTIFICATES , , . . ,. ,. . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.10 OTHER CERTIFICATES . 16 4.11 REPORTS AND RECORDS . 16 4.12 SUBSTANDARD SHIPS 17 5. C LASS1 FlCATlON SOCl ET1 ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.1 BACKGROUND . 18 5.2 PRESENT ROLE . 18 5.3 I NTERNATONAL ASSOCIATION OF CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES (IACS) . . . . . . . . .I9 Previous page is blank 3 PARTA: SUBJECT 1 1. When the establishment of a Specialized Agency of the United Na
20、tions concerned solely with maritime affairs was first proposed, the main concern was to develop an international system to improve safety at sea. This was understandable for two main reasons. In the first place, seafaring has always been one of the most dangerous occupations. In the second place, b
21、ecause of the international nature of the shipping industry, it had long been recognized that actions to improve safety in shipping operations would be more effective if carried out at an international level rather than by individual countries acting unilaterally and without co-ordination with other
22、s. Although a number of important international agreements had already been adopted, many States agreed that there was a need for a permanent body which would be able to co-ordinate and promote further measures on a more continuing basis. It was against this background that the United Nations Mariti
23、me Conference of 1948 adopted the Convention establishing the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as the first ever international body devoted exclusively to maritime matters. (Until 22.5.1982 the Organization was called the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). In the
24、ten year period between the adoption of the Convention and its entry into force in 1958 other problems related to safety, but requiring slightly different emphasis, had attracted international attention. One of the most important of these was the threat of marine pollution from ships, particularly p
25、ollution by oil carried in tankers. An international convention on this subject was actually adopted in 1954, four years before IMO came into existence and responsibility for administering and promoting this Convention was assumed by IMO at the inception of its work in January 1959. Thus, from the v
26、ery beginning, the improvement of maritime safety and the prevention of marine pollution have been IMOs most important objectives. The Role of the International Maritime Organization 1.1 The Structure of IMO The governing body of IMO is the Assembly, which meets once every two years and consists of
27、all the Member States. In the period between the sessions of the Assembly a Council exercises the functions of the Assembly in running the affairs of the Organization. For the time being, the Council consists of 40 Member Governments elected for two-year terms by the Assembly. The Organizations tech
28、nical work is carried out by a number of committees, the most senior of which is the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC). This has a number of sub-committees whose titles indicate the subject with which they deal. There are sub-committees dealing with: safety of navigation (NAV); radio communications an
29、d search and rescue (COMSAR); standards of training and watchkeeping (STW); carriage of dangerous goods and containers and cargoes (DSC); ships design and equipment (DE); fire protection (FP); stability and load lines and fishing vessel safety (SLF); bulk liquids and gases (BLG) and flag state imple
30、mentation (FSI). The BLG Sub-Committee is also a sub-committee of another technical committee, Previous page is blank 5 HULL AND STRUCTURAL SURVEYS the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), which deals with the Organizations activities for the prevention and control of marine pollution. Be
31、cause of the legal issues involved in much of its work, the Organization also has a Legal Committee, while the Committee on Technical Co-operation co-ordinates and directs IMOs activities in this area. These committees are all recognized by the IMO Convention. Finally, there is the Facilitation Comm
32、ittee, which deals with measures to simplify and minimize documentation in international maritime traffic. This is a subsidiary body of the Council. 1.2 IMO Management by Conventions and Protocols In order to achieve its objectives, 11140 has, in the last thirty odd years, promoted the adoption of n
33、umerous conventions and protocols, and adopted well over 900 codes and recommendations concerning maritime safety, the prevention of pollution and related matters. The initial work on a convention or protocol to a convention is normally done by a committee or sub-committee; a draft instrument is the
34、n produced, which is submitted to a conference to whiclh delegations from all States within the United Nations system - including States !which may not be IMO Members - are invited. The conference adopts a final tlext, which is submitted to Governments for ratification . An instrument so adopted com
35、es into force after fulfilling certain requirements which always include ratification by a specified number of countries. Generally speaking, the more important the convention, or protocol to a convention, the more stringent are the requirements for entry into force. Implementation of the requiremen
36、ts of a convention, or a protocol to a convention is normally done through specific nlational legislation or regulations since it is mandatory on countries which are parties to it. 1.3 IMO Management by Codes and Recommendations In addition to conventions and other formal treaty instruments, IMO has
37、 adopted several hundred recommendations dealing with a wide range of subjects. Some of these constitute codes, guidelines or recommended practices on important matters not considered suitable for regulation by formal treaty instruments. Although recommendations, whether in the form of codes or othe
38、rwise, are not legally binding on Governments, they provide guidance in framing national regulations and requirements. Many Governments do in fact apply the provisions of the recommendations by incorporating them, in whole or in part, in national legislation or regulations. These recommendations are
39、 generally intended to supplement or assist the implementation of the relevant provisions of the conventions and, in some cases, the principal codes, guidances, etc. Other important recommendations have dealt with such matters as traffic separation schemes (which separate ships moving in opposite di
40、rections by a 6 PARTA: SUBJECT 1 central prohibited area); the adoption of technical manuals, such as the Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary, the IMO Search and Rescue Manual and the IMO Manual on Oil Pollution; crew training; performance standards for ship borne equipment; and many other matte
41、rs. There are also guidelines to help the implementation of particular conventions and instruments. The provisions of recommendations are sometimes adopted as, or incorporated in, amendments to the relevant conventions. Recommendations enable provisions or requirements to be suggested relatively qui
42、ckly to Governments for consideration and action. It is also easier for Governments to act on such matters than would be possible in respect of provisions in formal treaty instruments which involve international legal obligations. In appropriate cases the recommendations may indeed incorporate furth
43、er requirements which have been found to be useful or necessary in the light of experience gained in the application of the previous provisions. In other cases the recommendations may serve to clarify various questions which arise in connection with specific measures and thereby ensure their uniform
44、 interpretation and application in all countries. 2. The Role of Governments With the successful adoption of the convention, the onus for action moves to Governments. The speed with which the convention enters into force (that is, becomes binding on States which have agreed to be bound by it) depend
45、s upon the time taken by Governments to ratify or accept it. The consent to be bound may be expressed by signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, depending on the wish of the State concerned. This procedure is generally referred to as “ratification”. IMO treaties enter into force
46、after a specific number of States have ratified them. Most IMO conventions require that a certain proportion of the worlds total tonnage is covered before they enter into force. A Government ratifying a convention has to ensure that its own national law conforms to its provisions. This usually invol
47、ves some form of domestic legislative action. After the requirements for entry into force of a convention have been achieved, there is a “period of grace” before it actually comes into force. This period varies from a few months to a year or even two years, and is designed to enable the Governments
48、concerned to take the necessary legislative or administrative measures for implementing the provisions of the convention. The third stage is implementation - in many ways the most important stage. Generally speaking, the main responsibility for the enforcement of an international convention lies wit
49、h the State under whose flag the ships concerned operate. Basically, each Government is responsible for ensuring that ships which fly its flag conform to the requirements of conventions which it has ratified. However, many IMO conventions also contain provisions permitting or requiring other States, particularly port States, to enforce the requirements of the conventions concerned. 7 HULL AND STRUCTURAL SURVEYS The effectiveness of a convention, therefore, depends to a considerable extent on the way in which it is enforced by the States entrusted with its implementation.
