1、Electrical TransducerNomenclature andTerminology(Formerly ANSI MC 6.1-1975)Reaffirmed 14 December 1982ISA37.11975 (R1982)FormerlyISAS37.11975 (R1982)STANDARDISA The Instrumentation,Systems, andAutomation Society TMCopyright 1975 by the Instrument Society of America. All rights reserved. Printed in t
2、he UnitedStates of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISA67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277
3、Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982), Electrical Transducer Nomenclature and TerminologyISBN 0-87664-113-3ISA-S37.1-1975 (R 1982) 3PrefaceThis Preface is included for information purposes and is not part of ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982).This Standard has been prepared as a servi
4、ce of ISA toward the goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, it should not be static, but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Standards and Practices Board Secr
5、etary, ISA, 67 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12277, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, e-mail: standardsisa.org.The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particu
6、lar, in the preparation of instrumentation standards. The Department is further aware of the benefits to users of ISA Standards in the USA of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, this De
7、partment will endeavor to introduce SI and SI-acceptable metric units as optional alternatives to English units in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice Guide, which has been published by the American Society for Testing and Materials as ASTM E380-72 (ANS
8、I Z210-1973), and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions, symbols, abbreviations and conversion factors.It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals and interests in the development of ISA Standards. Participation in the ISA s
9、tandards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes endorsement by the employer of that individual of ISA or any of the standards which ISA develops. This Standard supersedes ISA Tentative Recommended Practice RP37.1-1963, which was developed by ISA Subcommittee 8A/RP37.1 (M.E. Binkley, H
10、.N. Norton, T.A. Peris, and A.A. Zuehlke) between 1960 and 1963 to fill a need for standardized transducer nomenclature and specification terminology required, at that time, primarily by the aerospace industry.As production techniques of electrical transducers advanced, associated measuring techniqu
11、es and systems became more established, and as new transducer designs became more readily available, they found increasing applications in all industries and sciences in addition to those types of transducers already in widespread use. Hence, it became necessary for ISA to develop uniform transducer
12、 nomenclature and terminology for use in as many technological fields as possible.Using RP37.1-1963 as a starting point, Committee SP37 (consisting of the chairmen of Standards Committees on individual transducer types as well as the cognizant Standards Director) created a draft version of new S37.1
13、 which was mailed to a large review board, representing a wide variety of fields, in 1968. The results of this review indicated the general acceptability of the new Standard to most industries, sciences, and educational institutions. Numerous suggestions for improvements and clarifications were also
14、 received by the Committee. Each comment was evaluated, and suitable revisions were made with Committee concurrence. The preparation of this Standard was coordinated with the government-sponsored Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) as well as with ISA Committee SP51 (Measurement 3.1.2 A first m
15、odifier denoting the measurand;3.1.3 When required, a second modifier restricting the measurand;3.1.4 A third modifier denoting the electrical transduction principle; the adjective form should be used whenever possible.10 ISA-S37.1-1975 (R 1982)3.1.5 An optional fourth modifier denoting the mechanic
16、al link in the transducer or any noteworthy special feature. (May be followed with the word “type.“)3.1.6 When required, a modifier phrase restricting the modifier.3.2 Usage in titlesWhen used in titles of drawings and specifications, headings in lists, indices, and tabulations, and when indicated b
17、y other requirements which may be applicable, the sequence shown in 3.1 should be used. Examples: 1) “Transducer, Pressure, Differential, Potentiometric, 0 to 10 psid.“ 2) “Transducer, Sound Pressure, Capacitive, 100 to 160 dB.“3) “Transducer, Acceleration, Reluctive, 3g.“4) “Transducer, Pressure, A
18、bsolute, Strain Gage, Amplifying, 0 to 500 psia.“3.3 Usage in TextFor all other purposes, such as use in a sentence or in captions under pictorial representation, the exact opposite of the sequence shown in 3.1 should be used.Examples: 1) “A 20g* piezoelectric acceleration transducer was installed o
19、n the mounting plate.“ 2) “A 0 to 300F resistive surface temperature transducer was bonded to the tank skin.“ 3) “Hinge motion was measured with a 2 to +8 degree dc-output reluctive angular-position transducer.“3.4 Omission of modifiersWhen generalization of transducer types or categories is desired
20、, the omission of modifiers should proceed in the order opposite to sequence shown in 3.1 whenever possible.Examples: 1) “Procurement of 150 potentiometric linear-displacement transducers of various ranges has been initiated.“2) “Bulletin 0-0-400 describes our capacitive liquid-level transducers.“3)
21、 “The additional test requirements apply only to differential-pressure transducers.“3.5 Nomenclature and examplesThe construction of typical transducer nomenclature and examples of modifiers are shown in Table 1.*Note that the the standard value of the acceleration of gravity at the earths surface a
22、 unit of mea-surement is abbreviated “gn.” A measured value of the acceleration of gravity at the earths surface is indicated by “g.” The SI mass unit “gram” is abbreviated “g.”ISA-S37.1-1975 (R 1982) 113.6 Optional use of alternate nomenclatureUse of alternate nomenclature is optional in the follow
23、ing special cases:3.6.1 “Accelerometer“ instead of preferred “Acceleration Transducer“ or “Transducer, Accelera-tion.“ 3.6.2 “Tachometer“ instead of preferred “Angular Speed Transducer“ or “Transducer, Angular Speed.“3.6.3 “Strain Gage“ instead of “Resistive Strain Transducers“ or “Transducer, Strai
24、n, Resistive.“ 3.6.4 “Thermocouple“ instead of “Thermoelectric Temperature Transducer“ or “Transducer, Ther-moelectric, Temperature.“ 3.6.5 “Flowmeter“ instead of preferred terms “Flow Transducer“ (or “Flow-Rate Transducer“) or “Transducer, Flow (or “Transducer, Flow-Rate“).3.7 Nomenclature glossary
25、Some of the nomenclature of Table 1 needs clarification because of the particular meaning intended for transducers. Words appearing as bold, in definitions, are defined in Section 4. The terms in Table 1 with an associated asterisk (*) are defined below, for purposes of their use as modifiers in a t
26、ransducer nomenclature.3.7.1 First modifier definitionsAttitude: The relative orientation of a vehicle or object represented by its angles of inclination to three orthogonal reference axes. Displacement: The change in position of a body or point with respect to a reference point.NOTE: Position is th
27、e spatial location of a body or point with respect to a reference point.Flow rate: The time rate of motion of a fluid, usually contained in a pipe or duct, expressed as fluid quantity per unit time.Heat flux: The quantity of thermal energy transferred to a unit area per unit time.Humidity, absolute:
28、 The mass of water vapor present in a unit volume of air or other fluid.Humidity, relative: The ratio of the water vapor pressure actually present to the water vapor pressure required for saturation at a given temperature, expressed in per cent.Jerk : The time rate of change of acceleration. Express
29、ed in feet/s, cm/s, gn/s (Refer to footnote under 3.3).Light: An electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is between approximately 102 and 106cm.NOTE: By strict definition only visible radiation (4 x 105to 7 x 105cm) can be considered as “light.“Nuclear radiation: The emission of charged and uncha
30、rged particles and of electromagnetic radiation from atomic nuclei.Pressure, absolute: The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum).Pressure, differential: The difference in pressure between two points of measurement.Pressure, gage: Pressure measured relative to Ambient pressure.12 ISA-S
31、37.1-1975 (R 1982)Sound pressure: The total instantaneous pressure at a given point in the presence of a sound wave, minus the static pressure of that point.Strain: The deformation per unit length produced in a solid as a result of stress.Table 1 Construction of typical transducer nomenclature and e
32、xamples of modifiers(*) see Section 3.7 for definitions(1) Scalar quantity.(2) Vector quantity.(3) Nomenclature may include two of these terms.(4) Preferred to “Aneroid.”(5) Preferred to “Force Balance” or “Null Balance.”(6) When this modifier is used the third modifier (transduction principle) may
33、be omitted.(7) When this modifier is used together with “Frequency Output” the third modifier may be omitted.(8) Defined in Terminology, Paragraph 4.4.(9) Abbreviations used for units of Measurand used in specifications should generally be in accordance with ANSI Y10.19-1969 Units Used in Science an
34、d Technology, Letter Symbols for.(10) Use for angular measurements.Main Noun First ModifierMeasurand (Examples)Second Modifier (Restricts Mea-surand)(Examples)Third Modifier (Electrical Trans-duction Princi-ple) (Examples)Fourth Modifier (3)(Sensing Element. Special Features or Provisions) (Examples
35、)Range (8)(Examples)Units (9)(Examples)Transducer Acceleration Absolute *Capacitive AC Output 0 to 1000 AAir Speed Angular *Electromagnetic *Amplifying 5 C*Attitude Differential *Inductive *Bellows 100 to +500 cmAttitude Rate Gage *Ionizing *Bondable 430 to 415 cm/sCurrent Infrared *Photoconductive
36、*Bonded deg (10)*Displacement Intensity *Photovoltaic *Bourdon-Tube F*Flow Rate Linear *Piezoelectric *Capsule(4)fpsForce Mass *Potentiometric *DC Output*Heat Flux Radiant *Reluctive *Diaphragm Hz*Humidity Relative *Resistive Digital-Output ips*Jerk Surface *Strain Gage *Discrete Increment in.*Light
37、 Total *Thermoelectric *Dual-Output KLiquid Level Volumetric Exposed Element kgfMach No. Frequency Output lb/min.*Nuclear Radiation *Gyro m*Pressure *Integrating mmHgSpeed(1)*Self-Generating N*Sound Pressure *Semiconductor % RH*Strain *Servo(5) (6)psiaTemperature Switch psidTorque Toothed-Rotor psig
38、Velocity(2)Triaxial psid*Turbine psig*Ultrasonic rad/s*UnbondedVibrating-Element(7)WeldableISA-S37.1-1975 (R 1982) 133.7.2 Third modifier definitionsCapacitive: Converting a change of Measurand into a change of capacitance.Electromagnetic: Converting a change of Measurand into an Output induced in a
39、 conductor by a change in magnetic flux, in the absence of Excitation.Inductive: Converting a change of Measurand into a change of self-inductance of a single coil.Ionizing: Converting a change of Measurand into a change in ionization current, such as through a gas between two electrodes.Photoconduc
40、tive: Converting a change of Measurand into a change in resistance or conductivity of a semi-conductor material by a change in the amount of illumination incident upon the material.Photovoltaic: Converting a change of Measurand into a change in the voltage generated when a junction between certain d
41、issimilar materials is illuminated.Piezoelectric: Converting a change of Measurand into a change in the electrostatic charge or voltage generated by certain materials when mechanically stressed.Potentiometric: Converting a change of Measurand into a voltage-ratio change by a change in the position o
42、f a movable contact on a resistance element across which excitation is applied.Reluctive: Converting a change of Measurand into an ac voltage change by a change in the reluctance path between two or more coils or separated portions of one coil when ac Excitation is applied to the coil(s).NOTE: Inclu
43、ded among Reluctive Transducers are those employing differential-transformer, inductance-bridge, and synchro-elements.Resistive: Converting a change of Measurand into a change of resistance.Strain-Gage: Converting a change of Measurand into a change or resistance due to strain.Thermoelectric: Conver
44、ting a change of Measurand into a change in the emf generated by a temperature difference between junctions of two selected dissimilar materials.3.7.3 Fourth modifier definitionsAmplifying: With integral Output amplifier.Bellows: A Pressure sensing element of generally cylindrical shape whose walls
45、contain deep convolutions, and for which the length changes when a pressure differential is applied. Bondable: Designed to be permanently mounted to a surface by means of adhesives.Bonded: Permanently attached over the length and width of the active element.Bourdon Tube: A Pressure sensing element c
46、onsisting of a twisted or curved tube of non-circular cross section which tends to be straightened by the application of internal pressure.Capsule: A Pressure sensing element consisting of two metallic diaphragms joined around their peripheries.DC Output: With integral demodulator, rectifier or freq
47、uency integrator.Diaphragm: A Sensing element consisting of a thin, usually circular, plate which is deformed by pressure differential applied across the plate.Discrete increment: Providing an Output which represents the magnitude of the Measurand in the form of discrete or quantized values.14 ISA-S
48、37.1-1975 (R 1982)Dual-output: Providing two separate and noninteracting Outputs which are functions of the applied Measurand.Gyro (a contraction of gyroscope): A Transducer which makes use of a self-contained spatial directional reference.Integrating: Providing an Output which is a time integral fu
49、nction of the Measurand.Self-Generating: Providing an Output signal without applied Excitation. Examples are Piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and Thermoelectric transducers.Semi-conductor: Materials, used for Sensing elements or Transduction elements, whose resistivity falls between that of conductors and insulators (e.g.: germanium, silicon, etc.). Examples of useful phenomena associated with these materials are: Hall effect, temperature coefficient of resistance, photo-resistivity, photovoltaic effect, piezoresistance, etc.Servo (a contraction of servomechanism)
