ISA FUND PROC CNTRL-2000 Fundamentals of Process Control Theory (Third Edition).pdf

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1、Fundamentals ofProcess Control TheoryThird EditionFundamentals ofProcess ControlTheoryThird Editionby Paul W. Murrill, Ph.D.NoticeThe information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neither the author nor the publisher have any control over the use of th

2、e information by the reader, both the author and the publisher disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional judgment in using any of the information presented in a particular application.Additionally, neither the author nor

3、 the publisher have investigated or considered the affect of any patents on the ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information presented.Any references

4、 to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the author nor the publisher endorse any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or tradenames referenced belong to the respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher make any representation reg

5、arding the availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufacturers instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication.Copyright 2000 Instrument Society of America.All rights reserved. Prin

6、ted in the United States of America.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISA67 Alexander DriveP.O. Bo

7、x 12277Research Triangle ParkNorth Carolina 27709Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMurrill, Paul W.Fundamentals of process control theory / by Paul W. Murrill. - 3rd ed.p. cm.ISBN 1-55617-683-X1. Process control. I. Title.TS156.8.M87 2000670.4275dc21 99-27991CIPTo Nancy7TABLE OF CONT

8、ENTSPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Unit 1: Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1. Course Coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-2. Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-3. Audience and Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-4. Study Material. . . . . . . .

10、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-5. Organization and Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-6. Course Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51-7. Course Length . . .

11、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Unit 2: Basic Control Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-1. Control History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12、. . . . 92-2. The Variables Involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-3. Typical Manual Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-4. Feedback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13、. . . . . 122-5. Manual Feedforward Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-6. Automatic Feedforward Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-7. Process Control and Process Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Unit 3: Functional St

14、ructure of Feedback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193-1. A Single Feedback Control Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213-2. Block Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-3. The Functional La

15、yout of a Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233-4. Dynamic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253-5. Mathematical Model of a Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263-6. Mathematical Notation (For Those Who Want

16、It) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Unit 4: Sensors and Transmission Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314-1. The Sensor and the Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334-2. Sensor Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344-3. Selection of Sensing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364-4. Accuracy and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364-5. Sensitivity, Repeatability, and Reproducibility . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . 384-6. Rangeability and Turndown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394-7. Measurement Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394-8. Transmission Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

19、4-9. Pneumatic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414-10. Electrical Transmission Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424-11. Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、434-12. Digital Fieldbus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434-13. Smart Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Unit 5: Typical Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475-1. Pressure Sensors/Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495-2. Pressure Transmitter Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505-3. Flow Sensors/Transmitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . 525-4. Other Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555-5. Level Sensors/Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575-6. Temperature Measurement Using Thermocouples. . . . . . . . . . . . 595-7. Other Te

23、mperature Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615-8. Analytical Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Table of ContentsUnit 6: Controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . 696-1. Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716-2. On-Off Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726-3. Proportional Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746-4. Reset Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776-5. Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796-6. PID Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806-7. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Unit 7: Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857-1.

27、Control Valves, Actuators, and Positioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877-2. Linear-Stem Motion Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897-3. Rotary Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917-4. Ball Valves . . . . . .

28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927-5. Control Valve Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947-6. Control Valve Selection and Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947-7. Control Valve Dynamic Pe

29、rformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967-8. Power Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Unit 8: Process Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018-1. First-Order

30、Lags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038-2. Time Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068-3. Higher-Order Lags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078-4.

31、Dead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108-5. Closed-Loop Response versus Open-Loop Response. . . . . . . . . 1138-6. Some Generalizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Unit 9: Tuning Control Sy

32、stems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199-1. What Is Good Control? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219-2. The Tuning Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229-3. Closed-Lo

33、op Tuning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249-4. The Process Reaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279-5. A Simple Open-Loop Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289-6. Integral Methods. . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319-7. The Need to Retune and Adaptive Tuning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329-8. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Unit 10: Cascade Control . . . . . . . . . .

35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13510-1. The Concept of Cascade Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13710-2. Simple Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13810-3. More Complex Applicatio

36、ns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14310-4. Guiding Principles for Implementing Cascade Control . . . . . . . 14710-5. More Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15110-6. Selection of Cascade Controller Modes and Tuning

37、. . . . . . . . . . 154Unit 11: Feedforward and Multivariable Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15711-1. Feedforward Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15911-2. A Feedforward Control Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、 . . . . . 16111-3. Steady-State or Dynamic Feedforward Control? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16311-4. General Feedforward Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16411-5. Combined Feedforward and Feedback Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16511-6. The Multivariable Control Pr

39、oblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16811-7. Implementing Multivariable Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Unit 12: Special-Purpose Concepts17312-1. Computing Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Table of Contents 912-2.

40、 Ratio Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17612-3. Applying Ratio Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17812-4. Override Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、. . . 18412-5. Selective Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18612-6. Duplex or Split-range Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18912-7. Auto-Selector or Cutback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、190Unit 13: Dead Time Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19513-1. Dead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19713-2. The Smith Predictor Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. . . . . . . . . 20013-3. A Smith Predictor Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20313-4. The Moore Analytic Predictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20513-5. The Dahlin Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44、 . . . 20613-6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Unit 14: Nonlinear Compensation and Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20914-1. Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、. . . . . . . 21114-2. Valve Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21214-3. Process Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21314-4. Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . . . . . . . . . . . 21614-5. Adaptive Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21814-6. Three-Mode On-line Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22114-7. Model Reference Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47、 . . . 224Unit 15: Modern Control System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22715-1. Basic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22915-2. System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48、. . . . . 23115-3. Direct Digital Control (DDC) Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23315-4. Supervisory Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23615-5. Control System Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23815-6.

49、Distributed Control Systems (DCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24015-7. Single-Loop or Multi-loop Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24215-8. Sequential or Batch Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Unit 16: New Directions for Process Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24716-1. Process Control and Process Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24916-2. Specific Characteristics of Process Control Automation. . . . . . . 25016-3. Specific Characteristics of Process Management . . .

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