1、ISA HANDBOOK OFMeasurementEquations andTables, 2nd Editionfront of book.qxd 3/2/2006 8:37 AM Page 1front of book.qxd 3/2/2006 8:37 AM Page 2ISA HANDBOOK OFMeasurementEquations andTables, 2nd EditionEdited by Jim Strothmanfront of book.qxd 3/2/2006 8:37 AM Page 3Notice The information presented in th
2、is publication is for the general education of the reader. Becauseneither the author nor the publisher have any control over the use of the information by the read-er, both the author and the publisher disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of suchuse. The reader is expected to exerc
3、ise sound professional judgment in using any of the informa-tion presented in a particular application. Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher have investigated or considered the affect of anypatents on the ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application.
4、The reader is responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may affect any particular use ofthe information presented. Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the authornor the publisher endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or
5、 trade namesreferenced belong to the respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the pub-lisher makes any representation regarding the availability of any referenced commercial product atany time. The manufacturers instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed atall
6、 times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication. Copyright 2006 ISA The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2ISBN-13: 978-1-55617-946-4 ISBN-10: 1-55617-946-4 No part of this work may be
7、reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher. ISA 67 Alexander Drive P.O. Box 12277 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Library of Congress Catalogi
8、ng-in-Publication DataISA handbook of measurement equations and tables / edited by JimStrothman.- 2nd ed.p. cm.ISBN 1-55617-946-4 (pbk.)1. Physical measurements-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Strothman, Jim.QC39.C8 2006530.810212-dc222006005270front of book.qxd 3/2/2006 8:37 AM Page 4vTable of Contents
9、Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiPreface it is equal to the mass of the in
10、ternationalprototype of the kilogram. Second (13th CGPM, 1967) The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corre-sponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the groundstate of the cesium-133 atom. Ampere (9th CGPM, 1948) The ampere is that constant current
11、 which, if maintained in two straightparallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section,and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these con-ductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7Newton per meter of length. Kelvin (13th CGPM, 1967) The kelvin, unit of thermodynami
12、c temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 ofthe thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. Mole (14th CGPM, 1971) 1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains asmany elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram ofcarbon 12. 2. When the mole is used, the el
13、ementary entities must be specified andmay be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or speci-fied groups of such particles. In the definition of the mole, it is understood that unbound atoms ofcarbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to. Note that this definition spec
14、ifies at the same time the nature of thequantity whose unit is the mole. Candela (16th CGPM, 1979) The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a sourcethat emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz andthat has a radiant intensity in that direction of (1/683) wat
15、t per steradian. Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 5HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 5SI Derived Units Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or otherderived units, including the radian and steradian, which are two supple-mentary units. The radian is defined as t
16、he plane angle between tworadii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in lengthto the radius. The steradian is fined as the solid angle that, having itsvertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of thesphere equal to that of a square with sides of length e
17、qual to the radiusof the sphere.SI Derived UnitsQuantity SI Unit SI SymbolFrequency Hertz HzForce Newton NPressure, Stress Pascal PaEnergy, Work, Heat Joule JPower, Radiant Flux Watt WElectric Charge Coulomb CElectric Potential, Force Volt VElectric Resistance Ohm Electric Conductance Siemens S Elec
18、tric Capacitance Farad FMagnetic Flux Density Tesla TMagnetic Flux Weber WbInductance Henry HTemperature Celsius CLuminous Flux Lumen lm Illuminance Lux lxRadioactive Activity Becquerel BqAbsorbed Dose Gray GyDose Equivalent Sievert SvPlane Angle Radian radSolid Angle Steradian sr6 ISA Handbook of M
19、easurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 6The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathe-matical operations of multiplication and division. For example, thederived unit for the derived quantity molar mass (mass divided byamount of substance) is
20、the kilogram per mole, symbol kg/mol.Additional examples of derived units expressed in terms of SI baseunits are given in the following table.Examples of SI Derived Units Expressed in Terms of SI Base UnitsDerived Quantity Name Symbolarea square meterm2volume cubic meterm3speed, velocity meter per s
21、econd m/sacceleration meter per secondsquaredm/s2wave number reciprocal meterm-1mass density (density) kilogram per cubicmeterkg/m3specific volume cubic meter per kilogramm3/kgcurrent density ampere per squaremeterA/m2magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/mamount-of-substance concentration (con
22、centration) mole per cubic metermol/m3luminance candela per squaremetercd/m2Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 7HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 7SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols, Including the Radian and SteradianDerived quantity SpecialNameSpecialSymbolExpressionin Terms o
23、fOther SIUnitsExpression inTerms of SIBase Unitsplane angle radian rad -m m-1 = 1solid angle steradian sr -m2 m-2= 1frequency hertz Hz -s-1force newton N -m kg s-2pressure, stress pascal PaN/m2m-1 kg s-2energy, work, quantity of heatjoule J N mm2 kg s-2power, radiant flux watt W J/sm2 kg s-3electric
24、 charge, quantity of electricitycoulomb C - s Aelectric potential,potential difference,electromotive forcevolt V W/Am2 kg s-3 A-1capacitance farad F C/Vm-2 kg-1 s4 A2electric resistance ohmV/Am2 kg s-3 A-2electric conductance siemens S A/Vm-2 kg-1 s3 A2magnetic flux weber Wb V sm2 kg s-2 A-1magnetic
25、 flux densitytesla TWb/m2kg s-2 A-1inductance henry H Wb/Am2 kg s-2 A-2Celsius temperature degreeCelsius C - Kluminous flux lumen lm cd sr cd srilluminance lux lxlm/m2m-2 cd sr8 ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 8Units Accepted for Use wit
26、h the SI Certain units that are not part of the SI are essential and used so widelythat they are accepted by the CGPM for use with the SI. These units aregiven in the table below.Units Accepted for use with the SIName Symbol Value in SI unitsminute (time) min 1 min = 60 s hour (time) h 1 h = 60 min
27、= 3600 s day (time) d 1 d = 24 h = 86,400 s degree (plane angle) 1 = (/180) rad minute (plane angle)1= (1/60) = (/10,800) rad second (plane angle)“ 1“ = (1/60) = (/648,000) rad liter l, L 1 L = 1 dm3= 10-3m3metric ton t1 t = 103kg SI PrefixesFactor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol1024= (103)8yotta
28、 Y10-1deci d1021= (103)7zetta Z10-2centi c1018= (103)6exa E10-3= (103)-1milli m1015= (103)5 peta P10-6= (103)-2micro 1012= (103)4tera T10-9= (103)-3nano n109= (103)3giga G10-12= (103)-4pico p106= (103)2 mega M10-15= (103)-5femto f103= (103)1kilo k10-18= (103)-6atto a102hecto h10-21= (103)-7zepto z 1
29、01deka da10-24= (103)-8yocto y Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 9HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 9Conversion Tables, English to SI UnitsEnglish Units Quantity SI EquivalentAbsorbed Dose Rate Gray per SecondAcceleration Meter per Second SquaredAngular Acceleration Radian per Second Squar
30、edAngular Velocity Radian per SecondArea Square MeterConcentration Mole per Cubic MeterCurrent Density Ampere per Square MeterDensity, Mass Kilogram per Cubic MeterElectric Charge Density Coulomb per Cubic MeterElectric Field Strength Volt per MeterElectric Flux Density Coulomb per Square MeterEnerg
31、y Density Joule per Cubic MeterEntropy Joule per KelvinExposure, Radiation Coulomb per KilogramHeat Capacity Joule per KelvinHeat Flux Density, Irradiance Watt per Square MeterLuminance Candela per Square MeterMagnetic Field Strength Ampere per MeterMagnetic Permeability Henry per MoleMolar Energy J
32、oule per MoleMolar Entropy Joule per Mole KelvinMolar Heat Capacity Joule per Mole KelvinMoment of Force Newton MeterPermittivity Farad per MeterPower Density Watt per Square Meter10 ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 10Conversion Tables, E
33、nglish to SI Units (cont.)English Units Quantity SI EquivalentRadiance Watt per Square Meter SteradianRadiant Intensity Watt per SteradianSpecific Heat Capacity Joule per Kilogram KelvinSpecific Energy Joule per KilogramSpecific Entropy Joule per Kilogram KelvinSpecific Volume Cubic Meter per Kilogr
34、amSurface Tension Newton per MeterThermal Conductivity Watt per Meter KelvinVelocity Meter per SecondViscosity, Dynamic Pascal SecondViscosity, Kinematic Square Meter SecondVolume Cubic MeterWave Number One per MeterChapter 1/Units of Measurement 11HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 11Co
35、nversion Table, English to MetricTo Convert From To Multiply by:angstrom m1.00 x 10-10atm Pa1.0133 x 105Btu, Thermochemical J1.054 x 103Btu/ft2h, Thermochemical W/m23.1525Btu/ft2h F, Thermochemical W/m2K5.6745Btu/ft2s, Thermochemical W/m21.135 x 104Btu in/ft2F, Thermochem.W/m K 0.14413Btu in/s ft2F,
36、 Thermochem.W/m K 518.87Btu/lb mass F, Thermochemical J/kg K 4184.0cal, Thermochemical J 4.0840cal cm s C, Thermochemical W/m K 418.40cal/g, Thermochemical J/kg 4184.0cal/g C, Thermochemical J/kg K 4184.0circ milm25.0671 x 10-10C K C + 273.15degree rad 0.017453dyne/cm2Pa 0.100F C F - 32/1.8F K F + 4
37、59.67/1.8ft m 0.3048012 ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 12Conversion Table, English to Metric (cont.)To Convert From To Multiply by:ft2m20.092903ft3m30.028317ft H2O, at 32.4 F Pa 0.0029890ft2, hr m2/s 2.58064 x 10-5ft lb force J 1.3558ft
38、 lb force/s W 1.3558ft/s m/s 0.30480gauss T 0.00010gallon, U.S.m30.0037854g/cm3kg/m31000.0g/cm3Mg/m31.00hp, mechanical W 745.70hp, electrical W 746.00in m 0.0254in2m20.00064516in2m30.000016387in of Hg, avoirdupois Pa 0.0033864in of H2O at 32.2 F Pa 0.024908K C K - 273.15kg force N 9.80665kg force/mm
39、2Pa9.80665 x 106Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 13HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 13Conversion Table, English to Metric (cont.)To Convert From To Multiply by:ksi MPa 6.8948ksi Pa6.8948 x 106lb kg 0.45359lb/in3kg/m327,680.0lb force N 4.4482lb force in N m 0.11298lb force ft N m 1.3558mi
40、l m 0.0000254N/m2Pa 1.00oersted A/m 79.578oz/ft2kg/m20.30515psi Pa 6894.8R K R/1.8ton, 2000 lb kg 907.18ton, 2240 lb kg 1016.0ton/in2Pa 13,786.0tonne kg 1000.0torr Pa 133.32Ohm/circ mil ft Ohm m1.6624 x 10-914 ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM
41、Page 14Conversion Table, English UnitsTo Convert From To Multiply by:gram grain 15,432pennyweight grain 24pennyweight ounce 20ounce grain 480pound ounce 16pint, liquid gill 4pint, liquid quart 2pint, dry quart 2quart, liquid gallon 4quart, dry peck 8barrel, liquid gallon 31.5barrel, dry quart 105hog
42、shead barrel 2foot inch 12yard foot 3rod yard 5.5furlong yard 40mile furlong 8mile foot 5280league mile 3square inch square foot 144Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 15HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 15Conversion Table, English Units (cont.)To Convert From To Multiply by:square yard squa
43、re foot 9square rod square yard 30.25acre square rod 4840square mile acre 640cubic foot cubic inch 1728cubic yard cubic foot 27board foot cubic inch 144cord cubic foot 128fathom foot 6cable length fathom 100cable length (Navy) fathom 120nautical mile cable length 10nautical mile foot 6076.1033nautic
44、al mile mile 1.1508degree, terrestrial nautical mile 60minute, circular seconds 60degree minutes 60quadrant degree 90circle, circumference quadrants 416 ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 16Conversion Table, FractionsFraction inches mm1/64
45、0.015625 0.396871/32 0.03125 0.793743/64 0.046875 1.190611/16 0.0625 1.587485/64 0.078125 1.984353/32 0.09375 2.381237/64 0.109375 2.778091/8 0.125 3.174979/64 0.140625 3.571835/32 0.15625 3.9687111/64 0.171875 4.365573/16 0.1875 4.7624513/64 0.203125 5.159317/32 0.21875 5.5562015/64 0.234375 5.9350
46、51/4 0.25 6.3499417/64 0.265625 6.746799/32 0.28125 7.1436819/64 0.296875 7.540535/16 0.3125 7.9874321/64 0.328125 8.3342711/32 0.34375 8.7311723/64 0.359375 9.128013/8 0.375 9.5249125/64 0.390625 9.92175Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 17HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 17Conversion Tab
47、le, Fractions (cont.)Fraction inches mm13/32 0.40625 10.3186527/64 0.421875 10.715497/16 0.4375 11.1124029/64 0.453125 11.5092315/32 0.46875 11.9061431/64 0.484375 12.302971/2 0.50 12.6998833/64 0.515625 13.0967117/32 0.53125 13.4936235/64 0.546875 13.890459/16 0.5625 14.2873737/64 0.578125 14.68419
48、19/32 0.59375 15.0811139/64 0.609375 15.477935/8 0.625 15.8748541/64 0.640625 16.2716721/32 0.65625 16.6685943/64 0.671875 17.0654111/16 0.6875 17.4623445/64 0.703125 17.8591523/32 0.71875 18.2560847/64 0.734375 18.652893/4 0.75 19.0498218 ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and TablesHB unitsofme
49、as chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:39 AM Page 18Conversion Table, Fractions (cont.)Fraction inches mm49/64 0.765625 19.4466325/32 0.78125 19.8435651/64 0.796875 20.2403713/16 0.8125 20.6373163/64 0.828125 21.0341127/32 0.84375 21.4301555/64 0.859375 21.827857/8 0.875 22.2247957/64 0.890625 22.6215929/32 0.90625 23.0185359/64 0.921875 23.4153315/16 0.9375 23.8122861/64 0.953125 24.2090731/32 0.96875 24.6060263/64 0.984375 25.002811 1.0 25.40Chapter 1/Units of Measurement 19HB unitsofmeas chap1.qxd 3/2/2006 8:3
