1、Wireless NetworksforIndustrial Automation3rd Editionby Dick CaroNoticeThe information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neither the author nor the publisher has any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publishe
2、r disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional judgment in using any of the information presented in a particular application. Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher have investigated or considered the effect of
3、 any patents on the ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information presented. Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples o
4、nly. Neither the author nor the publisher endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or tradenames referenced belong to the respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the availability of any referenced commercial prod
5、uct at any time. The manufacturers instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication.Copyright 2008ISAThe Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, NC
6、27709All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.DedicationThis book is dedicated to Dr. Ted
7、Williams, former Director of the Purdue Laboratory for Applied Industrial Control (PLAIC), organizer and Chairman of the International Purdue Work-shop on Industrial Computer Systems, President of ISA, and a good friend for many years. Teds vision and persistence has seeded many standards for indust
8、rial automation including ANSI/ISA-5, 50, 61, 84, 88, and 95, among others.AcknowledgmentsWorking with the ISA/IEC fieldbus communications stan-dards committee has been an honor and a privilege for me. Collaborating with some of the worlds most brilliant engi-neers has given me a perspective into an
9、d education in com-munications protocols that I could not have gained in any other way. These highly intelligent and personable individuals from more than seventeen countries gave me a truly rare opportu-nity to deepen my international perspective. I want to thank all these people, too many to name
10、here, and their employers for enabling me to learn in this way. I would also like to thank my past employers for giving me the opportunity to participate in the work of fieldbus, though mostAutech Data Systems, Computer Products, and Arthur D. Littleare no longer in existence.I truly appreciate the
11、help many of the open bus trade organi-zations provided me by making their works available through the Internet or by allowing me to read documents otherwise unavailable without charge. I would also like to complement IEEE for releasing the full text of older standards for down-loading on the Intern
12、et, and for making many of the working papers of their wireless standards committees so freely avail-able on their Internet web site.As a communications author I wish to especially thank Tim Berners-Lee (whom I have never met), the acknowledged inventor of the Internet. Without him, this book and mo
13、st of my work for the past eight years would have not been possible. Likewise, I would like to thank the late Don Estridge of IBM (whom I did meet) for his leadership in creating the open mar-ket for the personal computer, without which developing works like this could take too long to bother.I woul
14、d also like to thank Andy Chatha and all of my friends at ARC Advisory Group who gave me an international bully pul-vi Acknowledgmentspit for several years and supported my work to complete the fieldbus standard.Finally, I would like to thank ISA and many of the supplier companies involved in the wo
15、rk of ISA SP100, working on the standard for wireless industrial networks, for sponsoring my attendance at the meetings of this committee.Table of ContentsForeword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiUnit 1: Wireless Network Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.1 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1.2 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 Proprietary or Non-Standard Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 Wireless versus Wired Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . 81.3.1 Signal Loss/Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3.2 Multipath Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3.3 Shared Airwaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.4 Anten
19、na Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.4.1 Antenna Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.4.2 Omnidirectional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.4.3 High-Gain Di
20、rectional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.4.4 Planar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.4.5 Phased Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.5 Wireless Network Topolo
21、gies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.5.1 Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.5.2 Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.5.3 Mesh . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Unit 2: Wireless Network Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.1 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.1.1 Wi-Fi a/b/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.2.1 Bluetooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.2.2 ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . 412.2.3 WiMedia (IEEE 802.15.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.3 WMAN, WiMAX (IEEE 802.16a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.4 Wireless Telephony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.5 Converg
25、ence of Voice and Data Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Unit 3: Industrial Automation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 553.1 Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.2 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.3 Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.4 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.5 Power . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58viii Table of ContentsUnit 4: Application of Wireless Networks to Industrial Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594.1 Politics of Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.2 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.3 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.4 ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644.5 ISA100 Standard for Wireless Industrial Networks. . . . . . . . . . . 654.5.1 ISA100.11a Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.6 WirelessHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.6.1 WirelessHART Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.7 Comparison: WirelessHART vs. ISA100.11a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.8 3G/4G for Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Un
31、it 5: On the Bleeding Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775.1 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.2 UWB (UltraWideBand). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . 805.2.1 WiMedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.2.2 DS-UWB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.3 Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. 825.4 Network Device Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.4.1 Optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845.4.2 Pneumatic Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845.4.
34、3 Magnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.4.4 Microwave Power Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.4.5 Conversion of Waste Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Unit 6: Significant News for Wireless Networki
35、ng . . . . . .876.1 Energy-harvesting Component Runs WirelessNets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.2 Honeywell Introduces OneWireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.3 Accutech Wireless Instrumentation . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Unit 7: Recommendations for Wireless Networking . . . . .91Unit 8: Radio Frequency Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938.1 Types of Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.1.1 RFID Passive Tags . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948.1.2 RFID Active Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968.1.3 RFID Programmable Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978.1.4 RF Data Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978.1.5 Location Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.2 Tag Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998.2.1 EPC Global Gen2 tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018.3 Alternative RFID Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Table of Contents ix8.4 RF Database Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028.5 RF Tag Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107xiForewordCommercial and residential networks are rapidly becoming wireless. Will industrial networks follow? Going wireless means more than just plugging in some wireless compo
41、nents to replace the wires. At todays low prices, it is easy to justify using wireless components in residential networks to avoid costly or unsightly installation of wiring. Justifying the com-mercial use of wireless, however, is not quite so clear. Aside from wirelesss known privacy and coverage p
42、roblems, run-ning wiring in offices through drop ceilings and cubical parti-tions with built-in wireways is still generally a lower-cost option than wireless. The application of wireless in industrial manufacturing entails these same constraints, but with the additional requirement that the communic
43、ations system be secure and never fail. Yet the cost of industrial wiring is so high that wireless can usually be justified for industrial networks. In this book we will explore the technology available for indus-trial wireless communications both from the perspective of fac-tory floor and process a
44、utomation. RFIDA relatively new wireless application is now becoming popu-lar, particularly in the materials-handling sector of factory automation: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). The most simple of these applications simply provides the same type of automatic identification as barcode, addin
45、g the ability to be read in far more difficult situations including non-line-of-sight. However, using RFID for only barcode replacement limits its potential. In this edition, we will explore many types of RFID applications as an enhanced barcode and extending to a travel-ing database. xiiiPrefaceOne
46、 of the most costly items in the instrumentation and control of any manufacturing process is the installation of connecting wires. Indeed, much of the effort devoted to sensor networks and fieldbuses has been justified by the reduction in cost they provide both in terms of the initial installation o
47、f wiring and, even more, for its long-term maintenance. Many of the faults in wired industrial networks can be traced back to faults in wir-ing and connectors. For that reason, there is a very strong inter-est in wireless technology because it reduces the cost of installation and maintenance. Moreov
48、er, wireless also solves another problem encountered only in some chemical and petroleum plants ensuring intrinsic safety.In many applications, wireless technology has already begun to displace wired equivalents. In the first year of the twenty-first century, cordless telephones first began to outse
49、ll wired telephones. By early 2004, small office and residential networks had become a booming market thanks entirely to the economic and reliability advantages of wireless LANs based on Wi-Fi technology. We are also beginning to see wireless telephonesotherwise known as cell phones or mobile phonesdisplace landline telephones. This trend has been accelerated by recent decisions of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permitting users to retain their telephone numbers when changing wireless telephone carriers and to transfer their land-line telephone numbers to cell p
