1、 Recommendation ITU-R BO.1774-2 (10/2015) Use of satellite and terrestrial broadcast infrastructures for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief BO Series Satellite delivery ii Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, effici
2、ent and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are
3、performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Fo
4、rms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also
5、be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobil
6、e, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum manag
7、ement SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part
8、 of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BO.1774-2* Use of satellite and terrestrial broadcast infrastructures for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief (Question ITU-R 118/6) (2006-2007-2
9、015) Scope This Recommendation provides characteristics of satellite and terrestrial broadcasting systems used for disaster mitigation and relief operations. Detailed descriptions of these systems are given in Annex 1 as guidance, and may also be found in 5 of Report ITU-R BT.2299 Broadcasting for p
10、ublic warning, disaster mitigation and relief. Keywords Public warning, emergency warning system (EWS), automatic receiver activation The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) the recent natural tragedies due for example, to earthquakes and their consequences, alongside the possible role o
11、f communications in public warning, disaster mitigation and relief; b) that all administrations recognize the need to organize information dealing with public warning, disaster mitigation and relief; c) that in cases, when the “wired” or “wireless” telecommunication infrastructure is significantly o
12、r completely destroyed by a disaster, broadcasting services can often still be employed for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief operation; d) that broadcast frequency bands are largely globally harmonized and could be used for disseminating public alert messages and advice to large sectio
13、ns of the population; e) that broadcast frequency bands could be used for coordination of relief activities by disseminating information from relief planning teams to the population and provide information on the well-being of individuals, especially from the affected area; f) that within the terres
14、trial broadcasting infrastructure there are a number of systems offering communication services that allow global or regional coverage; g) that users of the broadcasting services are expected to be using both portable and fixed terminals for emergency services, especially in sparsely populated, unin
15、habited or remote areas; h) that within the broadcasting services there is a great and growing need to determine standard international routing procedures for emergency traffic; i) that many administrations have already established emergency communication traffic procedures including means for secur
16、e control of their utilization; * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Telecommunication Standardization Study Groups 2 and 9, and Telecommunication Development Study Group 2. 2 Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 j) that distress, emergency, safety and other communications are defined in the
17、Radio Regulations (RR); k) that individual broadcasters will always have their own security control over their programme material and their network; l) that many stations operating in the broadcasting service can operate without externally provided power for some time (up to weeks); m) that sound an
18、d television broadcasting organizations have developed techniques often referred to as “electronic news gathering” for the dissemination of information in programmes called “news bulletins” to inform the public of the extent of disasters and the recovery efforts being undertaken, recognizing a) that
19、 the broadcasting infrastructure is actually used to reach several billion people in a short period of time; b) that in some countries, such alert systems such as the emergency warning system (EWS) or emergency alert broadcasting have been implemented in which broadcasting stations are connected to
20、governmental or international organizations which issue disaster forecasts; c) that a single transmitter operating in the LF, MF and HF frequency bands as well as space stations of the BSS cover large service areas; d) that the RR foresee provisions by means of which BSS feeder links subject to Appe
21、ndix 30A can be converted into FSS links (e.g. for VSAT operations in an emergency area); e) that in some cases, a broadcasting station has its own seismometers in the country, analyses the seismic intensities, and voluntarily issues precautions to the public through broadcasts; f) that ITU-R has es
22、tablished studies into spectrum usage and users requirements for terrestrial electronic news gathering in Radiocommunication Study Group 6, noting that Report ITU-R BT.2299 Broadcasting for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief, provides a compilation of supporting evidence that broadcastin
23、g plays a critically important role in disseminating information to the public in times of emergencies, recommends 1 that responsible agencies should prepare procedures and routines to send information on public warning, disaster mitigation and relief to transmitting or network distribution centres
24、in accordance with agreed technical signal protocols; 2 that broadcast transmitters and receivers should be equipped to receive material prepared by the responsible agencies; 3 that systems for transmission and reception should include the possibility for forcing suitably equipped and suitably prime
25、d receivers (whether switched on or in standby mode) to present programme material for disaster mitigation and relief without intervention from the listener or viewer; so that all citizens can become informed of a possible disaster within the shortest possible period of time; with a robust mechanism
26、 against abuse of this feature; 4 that for recommends 1 to 3, public warning systems on broadcasting as given in Annex 1 may be considered; Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 3 5 that for recommends 1 to 4, public warning system control signals for analogue broadcasting as given in Annex 2 may also be considered
27、by administrations implementing a public warning system; 6 that in case of public warning, disaster mitigation and relief, broadcasting transmitters should disseminate information advising at a local, national level and/or, potentially, even across national borders as appropriate; 7 that administrat
28、ions should coordinate where possible with sound and television broadcasting organizations the application of electronic news gathering resources in the disaster area to maximize the potential for using the information gathered in a timely and coordinated fashion to assist the disaster mitigation an
29、d relief efforts. Annex 1 Public warning systems for broadcasting 1 Introduction This Annex presents an overview of public warning systems in the broadcasting service. 2 Outline of public warning systems for broadcasting Broadcasters have two functions in disaster management. One is gathering or rec
30、eiving information from disaster radiocommunication networks connected to administrative organizations. The exclusive line connected to administrative organizations is preferably to be used for urgent alerts and such information as earthquake and tsunami data. The other function is delivering inform
31、ation to the general public. Some municipalities in some countries may have a multicasting system to outdoor receivers with loudspeakers in their own disaster radiocommunication network. However, it may be difficult to hear the sound indoors, especially in bad weather such as storms or heavy rain. T
32、herefore, disaster alerts and information via broadcasting is particularly useful in such situations. 3 Emergency warning system for analogue broadcasting The system should use relatively simple equipment to ensure stable operations. In an emergency, the EWS control signal, which is an analogue sign
33、al, automatically activates the receivers equipped with the EWS function even when they are standby. Depending on its characteristics, the EWS control signal might also be used as an alarm sound to draw the attention of listeners/viewers to the emergency broadcasting programme. Broadcasters operatin
34、g analogue platforms can transmit the EWS control signal. The EWS control signal could include an area code as well as a time code, keeping the receiver protected from intentionally fake control signals. For a specific EWS for analogue sound broadcasting, an EWS control signal as described in Annex
35、2 is recommended, for automatic activation of receivers compliant with the systems described in Appendix 1 to Annex 1 for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief. 4 Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 4 Emergency warning system for digital broadcasting In digital broadcasting, the EWS control signal is tran
36、smitted by multiplexing with the broadcast signal. It automatically activates the receivers equipped with the EWS function when they are in standby mode. The EWS control signal should be robust against the abuse of this feature. It is foreseen that digital broadcast receivers will be installed in mo
37、bile terminals such as cellular phones, being an effective way to send emergency information to such terminals. Therefore, it would be advantageous for such terminals to be equipped with the EWS function. Appendix 1 to Annex 1 Examples of public warning systems for broadcasting 1 Introduction This A
38、ppendix presents a system overview and the current status of public warning systems in the broadcasting service in some countries/regions. 2 Emergency Warning System This section describes the Emergency Warning System (EWS), for public warning systems via broadcasting platforms. 2.1 EWS for analogue
39、 sound broadcasting 2.1.1 Overview The composition of a typical emergency warning system is shown in Fig. 1. In an emergency situation, the control signal breaks into the programme signal, to activate the EWS receivers automatically, even when they are in standby mode. The audio level of the control
40、 signal is higher than the normal programme signal level. The control signal can also be used for the alarm sound. The system configuration should be simple for quick and reliable activation. Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 5 FIGURE 1 Composition of emergency warning system for analogue broadcasting When the E
41、WS receiver detects the control signal, the alarm will sound, to draw the attention of listeners to the emergency broadcast. The control signal can be transmitted to MW and FM receivers. The control signal includes an area code as well as a time code, thereby protecting the EWS receiver against mali
42、cious or fake control signals. 2.1.2 Operation of EWS The following table shows the two different start signals which can be used according to the emergency situation: Example emergency situation Start signal Area code (1) Large-scale earthquake warning Category I Nationwide (2) Medium-scale earthqu
43、ake warning Category I Prefecture or wide area (3) Tsunami warning Category II Nationwide, or regional Category I activates all EWS receivers in the service area. Category II activates only the relevant EWS receivers. In cases (1) and (2), broadcasters transmit the Category I start signal. In case (
44、3), broadcasters transmit the Category II start signal, as inland users do not need to evacuate. After the emergency warning message, broadcasters transmit the end signal, which may be used to return EWS receivers to their previous state. 2.1.3 Specification and configuration of EWS signal The modul
45、ation method of the EWS signal is the frequency shift keying (FSK) method with a space frequency of 640 Hz and a mark frequency of 1 024 Hz. The allowable frequency deviation is plus or minus ten parts per million in each case. The transmission speed of the EWS signal is 64 bits per second and the d
46、eviation is ten parts per million. Signal distortion is below 5%. The configurations of the Category I start signal and Category II start signal are shown in Fig. 2, and that of the end signal is shown in Fig. 3. 6 Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2 FIGURE 2 Configuration of Category I and II start signal FIGURE
47、3 Configuration of end signal Notes for Figs. 2 and 3: 1 Fixed code consists of a 16-bit code inherent in the EWS signal. It is used to extract the EWS signals from sound signals. Furthermore, it is used to distinguish between the Category I and Category II start signal. 2 Area classification code i
48、s used for EWS receiver operation in specified regions. The purpose of this code is to avert the activation of EWS receivers in other areas by abnormal propagation of broadcasts. 3 Year/month/day/time classification code is used to transmit real-time information to prevent the activation of receiver
49、s by fake signals. It is recorded and retransmitted after the EWS signals have been transmitted. 2.2 Digital emergency warning system (digital EWS) This section introduces details regarding the digital emergency warning system (digital EWS) using digital television broadcasting. In digital television broadcasting, the EWS signal is transmitted by multiplexing it with the broadcast signal, in the same way as with analogue sound broadcasting. Television receivers can also be turned on automatically when they detect the EWS signal, even if they are in standby mode. Rec. ITU-R BO.1774-2
