1、 Recommendation ITU-R BT.1868(03/2010)User requirements for codecs for transmission of television signals through contribution, primary distribution, and SNG networksBT SeriesBroadcasting service(television)ii Rec. ITU-R BT.1868 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rat
2、ional, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radioc
3、ommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 o
4、f Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent inform
5、ation database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television)
6、 F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service s
7、ystems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2010 ITU 2010 All
8、rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R BT.1868 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1868 User requirements for codecs for transmission of television signals through contribution, primary distribution, and SNG networ
9、ks (2010) Scope This Recommendation describes user requirements for the specifications, design, and testing of systems for the transmission of television signals through contribution, primary distribution and SNG networks. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that contribution, primar
10、y distribution, and satellite news gathering (SNG) networks are essential for broadcasting operations and provide a valuable method of transmission for rapidly acquiring and broadcasting events; b) that Report ITU-R BT.2069 Spectrum usage and operational characteristics of terrestrial electronic new
11、s gathering (ENG), television outside broadcast (TVOB) and electronic field production (EFP) systems, provides specifications for broadcast auxiliary services (BAS); c) that the use of SNG and the technical and operational characteristics for SNG are defined in Recommendations ITU-R SNG.770, ITU-R S
12、NG.771 and ITU-R SNG.1007; d) that the system characteristics of TVOB, ENG and EFP in fixed services and mobile services are specified in Recommendations ITU-R F.1777 and ITU-R M.1824; e) that user requirements for video bit-rate reduction coding of digital TV signals for an end-to-end television sy
13、stem, with respect to picture formats, coding schemes, and picture quality have been specified in Recommendation ITU-R BT.1203; f) that coding algorithms using bit-rate reduction techniques for television signals have been devised to enable such transmission to be effective, with the aim of maximizi
14、ng efficiency and resources; g) that television signals should be transmitted with minimum impairments; h) that general advice on methods of assessment and subjective evaluation are defined in ITU-R Recommendations; j) that such assessment will need to take into account the basic picture and sound q
15、uality, failure characteristics when there are errors in the transmission link, and the quality achieved after downstream processing; k) that both the design of codecs and their assessment will need to take into account user requirements; l) that to be complete, the user requirements should specify
16、the test procedures and test material that should be used to check whether the requirements are being met, recommends 1 that the following user requirements should be applied for the specifications, design, and testing of systems for the transmission of television signals through contribution, prima
17、ry distribution and SNG networks as part of the broadcasting chain. 2 Rec. ITU-R BT.1868 TABLE 1 Type of transmission network Contribution Primary distribution SNG/ENG Input video signal format Sampling: 4:2:2 (Y, CB, CR) 8 or 10 bits per sample for each component Input audio signal format Sampling:
18、 48 kHz 20 bits or more Sampling: 48 kHz 18 bits or more Sampling: 48 kHz 16 bits or more Sound channel Eight channels (typical) Six channels (typical) Two channels (minimum) Ancillary data Bit rate: around 100 kbit/s Maximum relative sound/vision delay 2 ms per codec(1)Basic picture quality (for th
19、e given number of codecs in tandem in error-free condition)(2)Three codecs in tandem Two codecs in tandem Single codec Quality difference: 12% with DSCQS method using at least four sequences taken from Recommendation ITU-R BT.1210, at least half of which should be high-activity sequences. The given
20、quality grade should be met using at least 75% of the sequences chosen; the rest must achieve 20% Optional requirement for picture quality (for the given number of codecs in tandem in error-free condition)(2)N/A N/A Two codecs in tandem Quality difference 18% of the DSCQS or at least four sequences
21、chosen from Recommendation ITU-R BT.1210, at least half of which should be high activity sequences. The given grade should be met using at least 75% of the sequences chosen, the rest should achieve 36% Picture quality after colour matte, after modification to picture geometry, or after slow motion(2
22、)Quality difference: 18% with DSCQS method using two foreground sequences and appropriate background material taken from Recommendation ITU-R BT.1210, between two codecs N/A N/A Basic sound quality See Recommendation ITU-R BS.1548, Annex 1 Failure characteristic/error performance(5)Quasi-error-free
23、at decoder input for normal condition(3), (4)Error-concealment functionality should be required for decoders. A signalling function for errors should be provided Vision/audio failure characteristics Vision failure first Recovery time(5), (7) 500 ms after a break of 50 ms(6) 1 s after a break of 50 m
24、s(6)Change in overall delay after signal interruption/ major disturbance(5)Less than 20 s Rec. ITU-R BT.1868 3 Notes to Table 1: DSCQS: double stimulus continuous quality scale. DSIS: double stimulus impairment scale. N/A: not applicable. (1)The figure of 2 ms per codec was chosen in the light of th
25、e maximum discrepancy of 20 ms (sound advanced) or 40 ms (sound delayed) specified in ITU-T Recommendation J.100 for the whole signal chain, taking into account the likelihood that: a number of codecs will be connected in tandem; and a major part of the overall discrepancy will occur elsewhere in th
26、e signal chain. (2)Subjective assessment of picture quality should be carried out in accordance with Recommendations ITU-R BT.500, ITU-R BT.710 and ITU-R BT.1129. (3) Different transmission (modulation) schemes could result in different failure conditions. (4)The failure characteristics of digital t
27、ransmission systems are generally abrupt. It is therefore desirable to provide a means of switching the form of the transmitted signal to a more robust one in SNG applications and under conditions likely to jeopardize normal reception. There would therefore be two operation modes. Optimum methods of
28、 doing this need to be investigated. It is anticipated, however, that some reduction in video signal quality will be incurred when the switch is made; the figure given here indicates what would probably be a reasonable compromise. (5)Further information relating to failure characteristics and recove
29、ry time is given in Appendix 1. (6)The decoder should maintain a still frame output or a frame of black during resynchronization. (7)The recovery time can be measured as the number of fields of delay that is required between the connection of the signal to the decoder, and switching picture monitor
30、input from a gray-level signal (or a suitably delayed non-processed signal) to the decoder output signal such that no disruption to picture quality can be observed. A similar procedure should be adopted to assess the recovery time associated with bit slips, which might occur following a non-sync cut
31、, for example. Appendix 1 Further information relating to failure characteristics and recovery time Interruptions in any part of the multiplexing lasting several seconds or more are intolerable and protection modes would be required. With regard to the response to burst errors of short duration, the
32、 synchronizing system should have adequate protection so that the effect of the errors on the video, audio or data would not be extended due to the need for resynchronization. By maintaining synchronization through interruptions, the error-management systems for video, audio and data could be indepe
33、ndent. It is likely that it will not be possible to protect against interruptions of the order of 50 ms. After such events, the decoder circuits would have to relock in a manner similar to that of the initial switch-on. This suggests that the relocking sequence should be completed within 160 ms. It
34、is important for the overall signal delay through the codec to not change markedly when influenced by transmission errors or interruptions. The degree to which delays should be 4 Rec. ITU-R BT.1868 permitted to change has been suggested by ITU-T Recommendation J.81 where 20 s would be a reasonable m
35、aximum. Note that very short duration defects are less tolerable in sound than in the picture. The degree of protection required for data is heavily dependent on the application. For example, if the data is being used for system control, this could be very critical and require powerful protection. U
36、nder normal operating conditions there should be no perceptible effect from channel errors in video, sound or data. Switching to the protected link should not cause disruptions in the video, sound, or data signal and this should be considered in designing systems to protect the performance of a link in use when it deteriorates.
