1、 Recommendation ITU-R F.1105-3(02/2014)Fixed wireless systems for disaster mitigation and relief operationsF SeriesFixed serviceii Rec. ITU-R F.1105-3 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum
2、 by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Con
3、ferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements
4、 and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also availa
5、ble online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite s
6、ervices P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and
7、 frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2014 ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means w
8、hatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R F.1105-3 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R F.1105-3*Fixed wireless systems for disaster mitigation and relief operations (Question ITU-R 248/5) (1994-2002-2006-2014) Scope This Recommendation provides characteristics of fixed wireless systems (FWS) used
9、for disaster mitigation and relief operations. Several types of such systems including transportable equipment are specified according to channel capacity, operating frequency bands, transmission distance and propagation path conditions. Detailed descriptions of these systems are also given in Annex
10、 1 as guidance. Keywords Fixed service, land mobile service, disaster mitigation, relief operation, backhaul link, transportable system. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that rapidly deployable telecommunications are essential for disaster mitigation and relief operations in the e
11、vent of natural disasters, epidemics, famines and similar emergencies; b) that measures to mitigate the effects of natural disasters should be made as much as possible; c) that high speed data and high capacity information are available due to the popularity of fibre-to-the-home, digital subscriber
12、line, mobile phones, etc. in the form of voice, character data, image, or through a variety of Internet Protocol (IP)-based services; d) that transportable fixed wireless equipment may be used for relief operation of either radio or cable links and may involve multi-hop applications with digital and
13、 analogue equipment; e) that fixed wireless equipment for disaster mitigation and relief operations may be operated in locations with differing terrain and in differing climatic zones, uncontrolled environmental conditions and/or unstable power sources; f) that fixed wireless equipment for disaster
14、mitigation and relief operations may be used in areas with an unfavourable interference environment; g) that interoperability and internetworking between fixed wireless system for disaster mitigation and relief operations and other networks would be beneficial in emergency situations as stated in co
15、nsidering a); h) that because of the interoperability and internetworking ability as stated in considering g), it is more efficient to equip both a transportable mobile backhaul link and a transportable mobile base station in a vehicle and carry it to the disaster hit area when the mobile backhaul l
16、ink and the base station for normal operation are both damaged by a disaster; *This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Telecommunication Development Sector Study Group 2 and relevant ITU-T Study Groups. 2 Rec. ITU-R F.1105-3 i) that efficient use of spectrum is required, recognizin
17、g a) that the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) invites ITU-R to continue its technical studies and to make recommendations concerning technical and operational implementation, as necessary, for advanced solutions to meet the needs of public protection and disaster relief radiocommunicati
18、on applications, taking into account the capabilities, evolution and any resulting transition requirements of the existing systems, particularly those of many developing countries, for national and international operations (see the relevant part of Resolution 646 (Rev.WRC-12); b) that Resolution ITU
19、-R 53-1 requests the concerned ITU-R Study Groups to undertake studies and develop guidelines related to the management of radiocommunications in disaster prediction, detection, mitigation and relief collaboratively and cooperatively within ITU and with organizations external to the Union; c) that R
20、esolution ITU-R 55-1 requests the ITU-R Study Groups to take into account the scope of ongoing studies/activities summarized in its Annex 1, noting that Reports ITU-R F.2061 and ITU-R F.2087 discuss the role of HF radiocommunication systems in public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) operations,
21、 recommends 1 that for disaster mitigation and relief operations in devastated areas or restoration of a break in transmission links the following types of fixed wireless systems (FWS) as given in Table 1 should be considered; TABLE 1 Types of fixed wireless systems for disaster mitigation and relie
22、f operations Type Feature Application A A simple wireless link which can be established rapidly for telephone communication with a governmental or international headquarters (1) (2) B One or more local networks which connect a communications centre and up to about 10 or 20 end-user stations with tel
23、ephone links (1) C A telephone link for between about 6 and 120 channels or a data link up to the 6.3/8 Mbit/s over a line-of-sight or near line-of-sight path (1) (2) D A telephone link between 12 and 480 channels or a data link up to 34/45 Mbit/s over a line-of-sight or obstacle or trans-horizon pa
24、th (2) E A high-capacity telephone link (more than 480 channels) or high-speed data link up to STM-1 (2) F Simultaneous individual or group radiocommunications using point-to-multipoint individual radiocommunications between a central station and a number of terminals in a region (1), (3) Types A to
25、 E: Transportable system. Application (1): For devastated areas. Application (2): For breaks in transmission links. Application (3): For mitigation of disaster effects. Rec. ITU-R F.1105-3 3 2 that example frequency bands used for FWS for disaster mitigation and relief operations described in Table
26、1 should be in accordance with the Radio Regulations for the fixed service, as well as with national and regional frequency allocations (see Table 2); 3 that radio-frequency arrangements for FWS for disaster mitigation and relief operations in the chosen bands should be in accordance with ITU-R Reco
27、mmendations (see Recommendation ITU-R F.746) and national standards; 4 that interconnection of transportable FWS with analogue and digital cable systems at repeater stations should be made at baseband; 5 that interconnection of transportable FWS with fibre-optic systems at repeater stations may be m
28、ade at points with a significant level of optical power; 6 that for system characteristics, the information contained in 1 of Annex 1 can be referred to as a guide for administrations and system planners; 7 that performance objectives of links which use transportable fixed wireless equipment as well
29、 as separate links formed by the transportable fixed wireless equipment during restoration should have transmission performance values sufficient for normal service (see 3 of Annex 1); 8 that transportable FWS, Types A to E in Table 1 including Annex 1 describing their characteristics, should be use
30、d for the access link to a base station in mobile communications that are operating in disaster relief and emergency situations (see 2.6 and Appendix 2 in Annex 1). Annex 1 Descriptions of fixed wireless systems for disaster mitigation and relief operations 1 System characteristics For each type of
31、system in Table 1, the channel capacities, frequency bands and path distances given in Table 2 are suitable. TABLE 2 Basic characteristics System type Capacity Example frequency bands(1)Transmission path distance A 1-2 channels HF (2-10 MHz) Up to 250 km and beyond B Local network with 10-20 outstat
32、ions (several channels) VHF (50-88 MHz) (150-174 MHz) UHF (335-470 MHz) Up to a few km C From 6 to 120 channels 1.5/2 or 6.3/8 Mbit/s UHF (335-470 MHz) (1.4-1.6 GHz) SHF (7-8 GHz) (10.5-10.68 GHz) Up to 100 km 4 Rec. ITU-R F.1105-3 TABLE 2 (end) System type Capacity Example frequency bands(1)Transmi
33、ssion path distance D From 12 to 480 channels 1.5/2, 6.3/8, 4 6.3/8 Mbit/s or 34/45 Mbit/s UHF (800-1 000 MHz) (1.7-2.7 GHz) SHF (4.2-5 GHz) Line-of-sight or obstructed paths E 960-2 700 channels STM-0 (52 Mbit/s) or STM-1 (155 Mbit/s)SHF (4.4-5 GHz)(7.1-8.5 GHz) (10.5-10.68 GHz) (10.7-11.7 GHz) (11
34、.7-13.2 GHz) (14.4-15.23 GHz) (17.85-17.97/ (23 GHz) Up to several tens of km F 6-TDMA channels e.g. up to 2 000 individual calls e.g. up to 200 group calls VHF (54-70 MHz) Up to 10 km (typical) Extension with repeater(s) TDMA: Time division multiple access STM: Synchronous transfer mode (1)Many par
35、ts of these bands are shared with satellite services. In the case of links to an earth station operating in a satellite service, the following additional restrictions should be considered: space-to-Earth frequency bands should be avoided; problems could arise if Earth-to-space frequency bands are us
36、ed; trans-horizon systems (Type D) should be avoided. It would be preferable to avoid bands likely to be in use or planned for trunk communications. However, these bands may be used for Type E with careful consideration of interference problems by the administration. 2 Engineering principles 2.1 Low
37、-capacity links (Type A system) HF transportable equipment for 1 or 2 channels should employ only solid-state components and should be designed to switch off the transmitters when not in use, in order to conserve battery power, and to reduce the potential of interference. As an example, a solid-stat
38、e 100 W single-sideband terminal in a band between, say, 2 and 8 MHz operated with a whip antenna, could have a range of up to 250 km. Simplex operation (transmitter and receiver employing the same frequency) with a frequency synthesizer to ensure a wide and rapid choice of frequency when interferen
39、ce occurs and to facilitate setting-up in an emergency, can give up to 24 h operation from a relatively small battery (assuming that use of the transmitter is not excessive). The battery can be charged from a vehicle generator and all units can be hand-carried over rough country. Rec. ITU-R F.1105-3
40、 5 2.2 Local radio networks (Type B system) Radio networks of Type B are envisaged as local centres with single-channel radiocommunication with 10 to 20 out-stations, operating on VHF or UHF up to about 470 MHz. Single-channel and multi-channel equipments similar to types used in the land mobile ser
41、vice could be used. 2.3 Links up to 120 channels or 6.3/8 Mbit/s (Type C system) Equipment which is suitable for transportation by road, railway or helicopter is available. Such equipment, together with power supply equipment, can be easily and quickly installed and put into service. The equipment c
42、apacity is from about 1.5/2 to 6.3/8 Mbit/s, depending on the requirements, the topography and other factors. d.c. operated equipment or a.c. powered equipment automatically switchable to d.c. is preferred. It can be associated with light-weight, high gain Yagi or grid antennas, giving a range of up
43、 to 100 km line-of-sight, but capable of accepting some obstruction from trees on shorter paths. Simply erected guyed or telescopic poles which can be rotated from ground level are to be preferred. If separate antennas are used for transmitting and receiving with cross-polarization, it is convenient
44、 for the transmitters to be connected to antennas which are polarized at 45 (from top right to bottom left looking along the path from behind the antenna); if transmit and receive antennas are mounted on the same sub-assembly, with male and female connectors, there can then be no confusion over the
45、plane of polarization to be selected, since the received signal will always be cross-polarized with respect to the transmitted one. Single frequency, or selectable pre-set frequencies are to be preferred to eliminate as many variables as possible during the initial setting-up of the equipment. The a
46、bility to appropriately select transmit and receive frequencies in the field over a wide frequency band is an advantage. Foam-filled or solid dielectric flexible cable is to be preferred as this is less liable to mechanical damage and the effects of moisture. 2.4 Links up to 480 channels or 34/45 Mb
47、it/s (Type D system) Equipment which is suitable for transportation by road or railway or by helicopter is available. Such equipment, together with power supply equipment, can be easily and quickly installed and put into service. The equipment capacity is from about 12 to 480 telephone channels, dep
48、ending on the requirements, the topography and other factors. The use of receivers with low noise factors and with special demodulators and of diversity reception, enables the size of the antennas, the transmitter power and the size of the power supply equipment, to be smaller than those often used
49、for conventional trans-horizon installations. In line-of-sight or partially obstructed path conditions, transportable equipment with similar fast deployment capability but with transmission capacities of up to 34/45 Mbit/s is available. d.c. operated equipment or a.c. powered equipment automatically switchable to d.c. is preferred. It can be associated with light-weight grid or flat panel antennas, giving a range of line-of-sight, but capable of accepting some obstruction from trees on shorter paths. Simply erected guyed or telescopic poles which can be rotated from ground l
