1、 Recommendation ITU-R F.557-5(02/2014)Availability objective for radio-relay systems over a hypothetical reference digital pathF SeriesFixed serviceii Rec. ITU-R F.557-5 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio
2、-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Rad
3、iocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission o
4、f patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommend
5、ations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and
6、related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering
7、TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2014 ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprodu
8、ced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R F.557-5 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R F.557-5 Availability objective for radio-relay systems over a hypothetical reference digital path (1978-1986-1990-1991-1997-2014) Scope This Recommendation provides the availability objective f
9、or radio-relay systems over a hypothetical reference digital path (HRDP) including the concept of unavailability of a HRDP and factors to be included in the assessment of unavailability. This Recommendation also provides the guidance of the availability and reliability of radio-relay systems. It sho
10、uld be noted that this Recommendation could be used only for systems designed prior to the approval of Recommendation ITU-R F.1703 in 2005. The reference to the hypothetical reference circuit (HRC) and related analogue information are removed in this revised version. For this information, see the pr
11、evious version of this Recommendation, as well as the guide List of ITU-R Recommendations on analogue systems in the fixed service in the frequency bands above 30 MHz (this document is available on the web page of ITU-R Working Party 5C), which contains a list of all the Recommendations referring to
12、 the analogue fixed service systems, including those already suppressed. Keywords Fixed service, hypothetical reference digital path (HRDP), availability, unavailability, mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to restore (MTTR) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the hypot
13、hetical reference digital path (HRDP) is intended as a guide to designers and planners for systems designed prior to 2005; b) that the availability of a radio-relay system is dependent upon many factors and particularly upon: the maintenance organization (which determines the time to restore), the r
14、eliability of equipment and the system design and propagation conditions. The relative importance of these various factors may vary significantly, sometimes without possibility of control, from one area to another; c) that it is desirable to apply common availability objectives to both cable and rad
15、io-relay systems, recommends 1 that the availability objective appropriate to a 2 500 km HRDP for digital radio-relay systems (Recommendation ITU-R F.556) should be 99.7% of the time, the percentage being considered over a period of time sufficiently long to be statistically valid, this period is pr
16、obably greater than one year; the period of time is under study (see Notes 2, 3 and 4); 2 that the concept of unavailability of a HRDP should be as follows: 2.1 the period of unavailable time begins at the onset of ten consecutive severely errored second (SES) events, in at least one direction of tr
17、ansmission (see Notes 1 and 9). These ten seconds are considered to be unavailable time. For the definition of SES, refer to related Recommendations ITU-T G.821 and ITU-T G.826; 2 Rec. ITU-R F.557-5 2.2 a new period of available time begins at the onset of ten consecutive non-SES events for both dir
18、ections of transmission. These ten seconds are considered to be available time. For the definition of SES, refer to related Recommendations ITU-T G.821 and ITU-T G.826; 3 that in the estimate of unavailability, one must include all causes which are statistically predictable, unintentional and result
19、ing from the radio equipment*, power supplies, propagation, interference and from auxiliary equipment and human activity. The estimate of unavailability includes consideration of the mean time to restore (see Notes 6 and 7); 4 that Annex 1 should be used for guidance on availability and reliability
20、of radio-relay systems; 5 that the following Notes should be treated as part of the Recommendation: NOTE 1 Overall availability A is defined by the following formula: A = 100 1 (T1+ T2 Tb) / Te where: A : percentage availability T1:total unavailability time for one direction of transmission 2: total
21、 unavailability time for the other direction of transmission Tb: bidirectional unavailability time e: period of time for evaluation. For unidirectional transmission T2= 0; Tb= 0. NOTE 2 The value of 99.7% is a provisional one and it is recognized that, in practice, the objectives selected may fall i
22、nto the range 99.5% to 99.9%. The choice of a specific value in this range depends on the optimum allocation of outage time among the various causes which may not be the same when local conditions are taken into account (i.e. propagation, geographical size, population distribution, organization of m
23、aintenance). Furthermore, the availability of radio-relay systems is only one of the many aspects that ensure the acceptable grade of service of the digital transmission traffic; the choice of an optimum value for this particular aspect can only be done by considering all transmission systems either
24、 existing or planned in the network under study. For these many reasons, administrations may select different values of availability objective for the use of their planning organization, the said values lying in the range shown above. NOTE 3 Availability of multiplex equipment is excluded from the f
25、oregoing. The ITU-T is expected to establish availability objectives for this equipment. NOTE 4 This Recommendation relates to the HRDP. Its purpose is to set an availability figure as planning objective for new radio-relay systems. It is not intended that it will be quoted in specifications of real
26、 systems, for acceptance tests, or for operational agreements. The measured data on availability figures for real paths shows a wide distribution, a reliable figure of the actual availability can be estimated only as an average of a large amount of data collected from many radio-relay routes for a s
27、ufficiently long period of time. *This includes all equipment within a digital radio section for digital systems. Rec. ITU-R F.557-5 3 NOTE 5 The sub-division of the availability objective in the high grade portion of paths to be established over real links is given in Recommendation ITU-R F.695. NO
28、TE 6 Planners should indicate their assumptions concerning the mean time between failures (MTBF), the mean time to restore (MTTR), the precautions taken against interruptions and fading (in particular the use of protection channels and the number of hops per switching section) and the distribution o
29、f fading with a duration longer than 10 s. NOTE 7 The time to restore, which is the time elapsing between an interruption to traffic and its restoration, includes recognition time, travelling time as well as repair time. Differences in the time to restore will occur between administrations due to va
30、rious factors such as site accessibility, weather, maintenance policy and other economic considerations. NOTE 8 This Recommendation does not take into account the improvements which could be obtained by means of rerouting traffic over other systems, e.g. cables and other radio-relay systems. NOTE 9
31、For interruptions with durations less than 10 s, further study is necessary taking also into account intermittent interruptions. NOTE 10 Periods of less than 10 s during which the error ratio is greater than 1 103are taken into account in Recommendation ITU-R F.594. Annex 1 Availability and reliabil
32、ity of radio-relay systems 1 Introduction This Annex provides guidance useful in the interpretation of this Recommendation. It should be noted, however, that the figures and parameters quoted are by way of example only. The terms reliability and availability in this Annex follow the definition agree
33、d upon by the ITU-R and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2 Causes of unavailability The concept of unavailability of digital radio-relay systems is stated in recommends 2. System planners should take into account all causes of interruption or quality degradation affecting system
34、unavailability. Features of the major causes of unavailability in radio-relay systems are described below. 2.1 Equipment Failure or degradation of radio equipment including modulators and demodulators Failure of auxiliary equipment such as switch-over equipment Failure of radio system power supply e
35、quipment Failure of antenna or feeder. 4 Rec. ITU-R F.557-5 The latest radio-relay systems are designed to be highly reliable and the MTBF becomes extremely long. Unavailability depends also on the MTTR as stated in Note 6. Within a typical switching section, unavailability due to equipment failures
36、 may be of the order of 0.01% (see Recommendation ITU-R F.695). This is representative of typical equipment with an MTBF of the order of several 104hours and an MTTR of several hours. However, an HRDP consists of a large number of switching sections. Naturally, the probability of a failure in each s
37、witching section is low, and may perhaps only occur once in several years. It is therefore reasonable to select a long integration period with which to measure unavailability, e.g. one year. 2.2 Propagation System interruptions due to deep multipath fading often recover within 10 s, however, they so
38、metimes occur for more than 10 s causing unavailability. Excessive precipitation-attenuation due to heavy rainfall or snow fall lasts for a fairly long time and causes unavailability in systems operating in the frequency bands above 10 GHz. It may be possible to derive prediction statistics on propa
39、gation effects by applying the formulae or methods given in P-series ITU-R Recommendations. Also, since there is generally a low probability of heavy precipitation occurring, the unavailability time it causes may differ from year to year. To evaluate the unavailability time, the same considerations
40、as described in 2.1 could be applied. 2.3 Other causes Unpredictable noise bursts due to interference mainly from sources outside the interfered-with system may cause unavailability when the noise power exceeds a certain threshold. This kind of interruption includes interference from space systems o
41、r radar systems associated with anomalous propagation. Disasters such as earthquakes may bring about collapse of towers or buildings and result in unavailability of radio-relay systems. Human intervention during maintenance activities can also cause unavailability. The contribution of these factors
42、is generally difficult to predict through mathematical analysis. However, they should be considered when designing radio-relay systems. 3 Protection switching Protection switching is often effective to improve system availability. In radio-relay systems, the so-called multi-line switching method is
43、usually used. In this method one or P (P 1) protection radio channels are prepared for N working channels. When one of the N working channels is interrupted, the signal in the interrupted channel will immediately be recovered by one of the protection channels over m radio hops. In such a case, the u
44、navailability U of each both-way radio channels due only to equipment failure, assuming that the failure rate of switching equipment is negligibly small, can be expressed by the following formula: ()1 1 2+=PmqPPNNU (1) Rec. ITU-R F.557-5 5 where: m : number of radio hops contained in a switching sec
45、tion q : probability of an interruption of each hop (as far as equipment failure is concerned, q = MTTR/MTBF). ()()( )! 1 ! 1 ! 1 NPPNPPN+=+In many cases the number of the protection channels P = 1 and formula (1) can be written by the following:()22 1 2mqNNU+= Protection switching is effective not only for equipment failure but also for multipath fading through frequency diversity effects. Information on frequency diversity is given in Recommendation ITU-R F.752. _
