1、4855212 0541430 200 m INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION U NION HANDBOOK NATIONAL SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT d , RADIOCOMM U N ICATION Geneva, 1995 6 U REAU 4855232 0543433 347 W INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION HANDBOOK NATIONAL SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT RADIOCOMMUNICATION 6U REAU Geneva, 1995 m 4855212 05414
2、12 O83 O ITU 1995 Ail right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without written permission from the ITU. m 4855232 054413 TIT m . - u1 - PREFACE This Handbook on National Spec
3、trum Management has been developed by the Group of experts of ITLJ-R Study Group 1 on Spectrum management under chairmanship of Mr. R. Mayher (USA), Chairman Working Party 1 A in accordance with Decision 118. This Handbook consists of eight Chapters which describe spectrum management fundamentais, s
4、pectrum planning, spectrum engineering, frequency authorization, specuum use, spectrum control and automation for spectrum management activities. These Sections contain detailed expanations and many references that can be consuited for additional details. The Handbook on National Spectrum Management
5、 describes the key elements of spectrum management and the technid content is intended for the use by administrations of both developing and developed countries and by the Radiocommunication Bureau. The Handbook will also be useful to radiocommunication engineers. Robert W. Jones Director, Radiocomm
6、unication Bureau 4855252 054L4L4 95b -v- Foreword This Handbook describes the key elements of specuum management and the technical content is intended for the use of both developing and developed countries. Spectrum management is the combination of administrative and technical procedures necessary t
7、o ensure the efficient operation of radiocommunication services without causing harmful interference. The basic activities that should be undertaken to manage the spectrum are not always being effectively accomplished. In particular, analyzing potential interference problems, keeping an effective da
8、ta base of frequency assignments, controlling the level of man- made noise, and planning for future use of the spectrum are not always being effectively accomplished. The following summarizes various factors about the state of development of spectrum management. The Radiocommunication Bureau (former
9、ly the IFRB) sent out a questionnaire in 1984 to all administrations requesting them to provide inforbtion on the current practices of administrations relative to their nation spectrum management activities. That questionnaire asked for information on established structures, functions carried out, r
10、ecords maintained, number and qualifications of staff employed, available computer resources and computerized activities. The results form the questionnaire were presented to the second meeting on National Frequency Management in 1987. Based on the Questionnaire priority functions for spectrum manag
11、ement users were identified in the following order: 1) Technical standards and procedures for planning and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) analysis. 2) National table of frequency allocations. 3) National administrative regulations. 4) 5) Standards for type approval. 6) Computer automation of sp
12、ectrum management was developing at that time and 39% of administrations reported the use of computers. Another intention of the questionnaire was to develop standard structures for national frequency management units. The second meeting analyzed the responses and concluded that it was not possible
13、to develop and recommend a set of standard structures, in view of the broad range of differing programs for compatibility calculations for radio services; programs to set up a frequency management database for frequency assignments; EMC analysis and interference calculations. Standards were another
14、area in which the BR could be useful. For example, information on spectrum and equipment standards could be made available. Training was sited many times, especially management training. Information regarding other administrations; working methods in spectrum management as well as trends in developm
15、ent were also cited as useful. Finally, it was stressed that the BR should provide techniques for international coordination and interference examination as well as publications on topics in spectrum management. This Spectrum Management Handbook should answer many of the questions from administratio
16、ns and respond to the assistance required. It addresses the priority functions from the national spectrum management meeting and discusses most of the concerns of the second questionnaire as well as containing general sections on Monitoring and Computer Aided Techniques. More detailed information ab
17、out monitoring can be found in the new “Spectrum Monitoring Handbook“ and more information about computer automation in the soon to be published “Computer Aided Techniques for Spectrum Management Handbook“ (estimated publishing date is late 1995). The catalogue of “Software for Radio Spectrum Manage
18、ment“ describes software programs available form the ITU. Spectrum monitoring and station inspection. Present and future spectrum requirements. Previous page is blank. 4855232 0543435 892 -vi- Basic sections of this Handbook describe specrum management fiinamentals, spectrum planning, spectrum engin
19、eering, frequency authorization and frequency utilization. These sections contain detailed explanations and in addition contain many references that can be consulted for additional details. The Handbook could not have been completed without the contributions from many administrations participating i
20、n Study Group 1. However, the work of the Rapporteurs for the various sections of the Handbook was outstanding and special thanks should be given to K. Nebbia (united States of America), H. Lilja (Sweden), G. Chan (Canada), A. Pavliouk (Russia), M. Daniels (nited Kingdom) and W. Sega (Poland). Rober
21、t J. Mayher Chairman, Working Party 1 A United States of America HANDBOOK ON NATIONAL SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT . PREFACE III FOREWORD v 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.4.1 2.5.4.2 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.6 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2
22、.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODU=TION TO THE HANDBOOK Need for Spectrum Management . 1 Handbook development . 4 National aspects 1 International aspects . 2 CHAPTER 2 SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS introduction 5 Goals and objectives 5 Radimmmunications law
23、6 National aiiocation Tables . 7 Regulations and procedures . 7 Organizational stnicnire and processes 8 Structure and coordination 8 Decision-making process 9 Functiod responsibilities . 9 Spectrum management policy and planning/allocation of spectnrm . 11 Sandards specifcation, and equipment autho
24、rization . 12 Spectrum control (Enforcement inspections and Monitoring) 13 Enforcement impections . 13 Monitoring 14 International cooperation 14 Liaison and consultation . 15 Spectrum engineering support . 15 Computer support . 16 summa 16 Major National Spectrum Management directives . 6 Frequency
25、 assignment and licensing . 11 CHAPTER3 SPECTRUM PLA“iNG Introduction 17 Importance of planning . 17 Benefits versus costs . 18 Definitions 19 Planning processes 19 Spectrum use planning 19 Process . 19 Supplementary approaches 22 Spectrum management system planning 23 General . 24 Short term (wihn
26、about 5 years) 24 Long term (within about 10 years) 24 Strategic . 25 information required . 20 Implementation . 24 H 4855212 0541437 bb5 . viii . 3.4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.1.1 4.4.2 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2 4.4.3 4.4.3.1 4
27、.4.3.2 4.4.3.3 4.4.3.4 4.4.3.5 4.4.4 4.4.4.1 4.4.4.2 4.4.4.3 4.4.4.4 4.4.4.5 4.4.4.6 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7 4.4.8 4.5 Smutmy 26 CHAPTER 4 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING PRACTICES Introduction 27 Importance of technical basis 27 Scope of the chapter 27 Equipment specifications and certification 27 Equipment paramet
28、ers 28 Frequency tolerances of transmitters . 28 Spurious emissions from transmitters 32 Sensitivity of radio receivers . 33 Technical plans and procedures 36 Technical pammeters 27 Bandwidth of emissions 33 Performance criteria 34 Technical plans and procedures to ensure harmonious radio operation
29、36 Frequency sub-allocation plans . 37 Preparation for frequency planning . 37 Frequency assignment techniques . 39 Frequency assignment by the frequency - distance 0) nile . 39 Models of propagation 42 Topographic data 45 Interference Analysis 46 Co-channel . 46 Adjacent channel 47 Desensitization
30、. 47 Engineering analysis tools . 39 Selection of propagation model . 46 Intermoddation 48 Probability of interference . 52 Sharing frequency bands . 52 Technical basis for sharing allocations 53 Other sharing techniques 54 Sharing between land mobile and broadcasting services 55 Sharing between fix
31、ed services and broadcasting services . 56 Sharing using spread spectrum techniques 58 Noise levels . 63 Radiation limits 67 Requirement to update as technology advances . 69 Sharing between FDM-FM voice systems and radar systems . 56 Protection Ratios . 60 Site engineering considerations . 69 CHAPT
32、ER 5 FREQUENCY AUTHORISATION Introduction 75 Part A . Assigning Frequencies to Radio Stations 5.1 Introduction 75 Regulatory aspects of the frequency assignment process 75 Technical aspects of the frequency assignment process 77 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 Procedures for assignment of frequencies to radio s
33、tations . 77 Information required for frequency applications 77 . ix . 5.3.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 Methods for EMC analysis and frequency planning . 77 Preparation of frequency pl ans 78 Linear frequency planning 78 Frequency planning bas
34、ed on the graph theory 79 Interference-free sssignments grids . 81 Cellular frequency planning method . 81 Software 82 Part B . Licensing Introduction to Licensing 82 Licensing radio stations 82 De-regulation of licensing . 83 Type approval of radio equipment . 83 Setting fees . 83 Improving spectni
35、m utilization . 84 Other considerations . 84 Administration 85 Standard licensing requirements . 85 Immunity 85 Site engineering 86 Ooerator licence examinations 86 Appendix lto Chapter 5 87 CHAPTER6 SPECTRUM USE scope 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.2 6.3.2.1 6.3
36、.2.2 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 . 91 PART A . Measures of spectnim utilization and spectrum utilization efficiency Introduction 91 Measure of spectrum utilization 91 Discussion 92 Example of spectrum utilization calculation in fixed microwave band . 94 Example of spectnun utilization calculat
37、ion in the land mobile bands . 97 Applications., . 98 Spectrum utilization of satellite systems 98 Measure of spectrum utilization efficiency (SUE) 98 Example of spectnun utilization efficiency calculations for cellular and pico-cellular radio system . 99 Cellular systems 99 Pico-celluiar radio syst
38、em . 101 The spectrum quality index (SQI) - Spectrum utilization relative to demand . Definitions Measure of spectrum quality . 103 Ratio of spectrum utilization efficiencies, or relative spectrum efficiency Discussions . A RSE example for the land mobile service . 105 Conclusions 106 The concept .
39、PART B . Specuum Efficient Techniques Introduction 107 Use of the higher frequency bands . 107 4855232 0541419 438 H -x- 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.2.1 6.7.3 6.7.3.1 6.7.3.2 6.7.4 6.7.5 6.8 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.2.1 6.8.2.2 6.8.2.3 6.8.3 6.8.4 6.8.4.1 6.8.4.2 6.8.4.3 6.8.4.4 6.8.5 6.8.6 6.8.6.1 6.8.6.2 6.8.6.3 6.8.6
40、.4 6.8.7 6.8.8 6.9 6.9.1 6.9.2 6.9.2.1 6.9.2.2 6.9.3 6.9.3.1 6.9.3.2 6.9.3.3 6.9.4 6.9.4.1 6.9.5 6.10 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.3 7.3.1 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2 General . 107 Impact of atmospheric attenuation on spectrum management above 20 GHz . 107 Atmospheric characteristics 108 Review of specum utilization
41、 between about 40 and 3000 GHz . 108 Terrestrial systems and services 109 Satellite systems and services 110 Systems for telecommunications using the electromagnetic specuum above 3000 GHz 110 summary 111 Techniques that can improve spectrum Use 111 General . 111 Use of interference cancellers to in
42、crease spectrum usage 111 Single channel interference cancellers . 111 Multi-channel interference cancellers 111 pulse interference cancellers . 112 Use of special screens to improve interference immunity in radio links . 112 New techniques for off-set reflector multiple-beam antennas . 112 Fundamen
43、tal characteristics of MBAs . 113 Earth station antennas . 113 Space station antennas 113 Applications for MBAs . 113 Characteristics of large reff ecting antennas operating at millimetre and subdimetre wavelengths band 114 Adaptive antennas for land mobile applications in reducing co-channel interf
44、erence 114 Applications 114 Antenna System 114 Red the establishment of two technical tables (one of frequency tolerances and the other of acceptable bandwidths); the setting of standards for the registration of new stations, etc. e e The International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) was created
45、 at the Atlantic City Conference in 1947 to: e effect an orderly recording of the frequency assignments made to stations by different countries; 0 effect an orderly recording of the orbital positions assigned by countries to geostationary satellites; e e advise countries on efficient utilization of
46、the spectxum and the geostationary-satellite orbit; follow the procedures laid down in the Radio Regulations or by Administrative Conferences; and, -3- Chapter 1 o maintain the records essential for the performance of its duties. The ITU uses a variety of structures and associated meetings to cany o
47、ut its activities. Administrative rad10 conferences review and totally or partially amend the Radio Regulations which contain technical and procedurai provisions relating to the various radio services. Plenipotentiary Conferences meet every four years to review the general policies for fulfilling th
48、e purpose of the ITU. They revise the convention as necessary, establish the basis for the ITU budget, determine a fiscal limit for the expenditures of the ITU, elect members of the Council and other officers of the ITU. The Council, composed of members elected recognizing the need for equitable rep
49、resentation, meets annually to take necessary measures to facilitate implementation of decisions. It also supervises the administrative functions of the ITU. Since the inception of the ITU, there have been many Plenipotentiay Conferences and Administrative Radio Conferences which have modified and updated the international provisions governing radiocommunications. In 1992, the revised its structure, establishing three sectors: Telecommunication Development, Telecommunication Standardization, and Radiocommunication. Most of the responsibilities previously falling to the
