1、 Recommendation ITU-R M.1460-2 (02/2015) Technical and operational characteristics and protection criteria of radiodetermination radars in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz M Series Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services ii Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 Foreword The role of the Ra
2、diocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The r
3、egulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for
4、 ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU
5、-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service
6、(sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination
7、 between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Elect
8、ronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1460-2* Technical and operational characteristics and protection criteria of radiodeter
9、mination radars in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz (2000-2006-2015) Scope This Recommendation provides the technical and operational characteristics and protection criteria for radiodetermination systems operating in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz which is allocated to the radiodetermination
10、service on a primary basis. It was developed with the intention to support sharing studies in conjunction with Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 addressing analysis procedures for determining compatibility between radars operating in the radiodetermination service and other services. Keywords Radar, shipb
11、orne, land-based, characteristics, protection Abbreviations/Glossary correspondence (between carrier frequency and elevation angle) AGC automatic gain control AIS automatic identification system Burn-thru a mode in which power is concentrated in a narrow elevation sector to facilitate detection of t
12、argets under difficult conditions BW bandwidth or beamwidth, depending on context CDMA Code division multiple access CFAR Constant-false alarm rate Chirp-thru a type of burn-thru mode in which pulse compression is used to reduce return from extended clutter Coincident video pulse-to-pulse correlatio
13、n CSG clean strobe generation. This is a technique for observing signals from active sources using the radar only as a receiver. It can be used with or without sidelobe blanking applied Dicke fix hard limiting of composite received signal (radar return plus interference) in a bandwidth substantially
14、 wider than that of the desired radar signal followed by filtering to a narrow bandwidth. This discriminates against wideband interference ENG/OB Electronic news gathering/outside broadcast * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the
15、 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2 Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 fco cut-off frequency of filter
16、FTC fast time constant IF Intermediate frequency IMO International Maritime Organization INT non-coherent (video) multiple-pulse integration Jam strobe similar to CSG MTI Moving-target indication nm Nautical miles PRI Pulse-repetition interval PRF Pulse-repetition frequency PPI Pulses per inch PSD P
17、ower spectral density PW Pulse width QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying RCS Radar cross section STC Sensitivity time control WPB Wide-pulse blanking The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that antenna, signal propagation, target detection, and large necessary bandwidth characteristics o
18、f radar to achieve their functions are optimum in certain frequency bands; b) that the technical characteristics of radiodetermination radars are determined by the mission of the system and vary widely even within a frequency band; c) that representative technical and operational characteristics of
19、radars operating in the radiodetermination service are required to determine, if necessary, the feasibility of introducing new types of systems into frequency bands allocated to the radiodetermination service, noting a) that technical and operational characteristics of maritime radar beacons operati
20、ng in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz are to be found in Recommendation ITU-R M.824; b) that technical and operational characteristics of aeronautical radionavigation radars operating in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz are similar to those operating in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz, which
21、 are found in Recommendation ITU-R M.1464 and ground-based meteorological radars which are found in Recommendation ITU-R M.1849; c) some test results illustrating susceptibility of maritime radars are contained in Report ITU-R M.2050. Excerpts of this material have been reproduced in Annex 3, Rec. I
22、TU-R M.1460-2 3 recognizing a) that the radionavigation service is a safety service as delineated in the Radio Regulations No. 4.10; b) that the required protection criteria depends upon the specific types of interfering signals such as those described in Annex 3, 3; c) that the application of prote
23、ction criteria may require consideration for the inclusion of the statistical nature of the criteria and other elements of the methodology for performing compatibility studies (e.g. antenna scanning and motion of the transmitter and propagation path loss). Further development of these statistical co
24、nsiderations may be incorporated into future revisions of this Recommendation, as appropriate, recommends 1 that the technical and operational characteristics of the radiodetermination radars described in Annex 1 should be considered representative of those operating in the frequency band 2 900-3 10
25、0 MHz; 2 that this Recommendation along with Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 should be used as a guideline in analysing compatibility between radiodetermination radars with systems in other services; 3 that the criterion of interfering signal power to radar receiver noise power level, an I/N ratio of 6
26、dB should be used as the required protection level for the radiodetermination radars in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz, even if multiple interferers are present. Further information is provided in Annex 2; 4 that the results of interference susceptibility trials performed on shipborne radionavig
27、ation radars operating in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz, which are contained in Annex 3, should be used in assessing interference into shipborne radionavigation radars, noting that the results are for non-fluctuating targets and that radar cross-section (RCS) fluctuations should be taken into a
28、ccount (see also Report ITU-R M.2050). Annex 1 Technical and operational characteristics of radiodetermination radars in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz 1 Introduction Many transportable and shipborne radars operate in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz. Shipborne radiolocation radars are discuss
29、ed in 2 through 4. Shipborne radionavigation radars are discussed briefly in 5. 2 Technical characteristics of radiolocation radars other than meteorological radars Characteristics of six representative shipborne radiolocation radars are presented in Table 1, and those of three representative land-b
30、ased radiolocation radars are presented in Table 2. 4 Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 All of the radiolocation systems identified are high-powered surveillance radars. The major radiolocation radars operating in this frequency band are primarily used for detection of airborne objects. They are required to measu
31、re target altitude as well as range and bearing. Some of the airborne targets are small and some are at ranges as great as 300 nm (approximately 545 km), so these radiolocation radars must have great sensitivity and must provide a high degree of suppression for all forms of clutter return, including
32、 that from sea, land and precipitation. The radiolocation radar emissions in this frequency band are not required to trigger radar beacons. Largely because of those mission requirements, the radiolocation radars using this frequency band tend to possess the following general characteristics: they te
33、nd to have high transmitter peak and average power; they typically use master-oscillator-power-amplifier transmitters rather than power oscillators. They are usually tuneable, and some of them are frequency-agile. Some of them use linear-FM (chirp) or phase-coded intra-pulse modulation. The solid st
34、ate technologies provide very stable wideband solutions; they can use frequency agility to mitigate some of the effects of interference; some of them have multiple or elevation-steerable beams using electronic beam steering. Active electronically steerable arrays embed the individual solid state tra
35、nsmitters in the antenna array and typically use higher duty cycles (typically 5 to 25%) to achieve the required average power levels with lower peak power levels than is achievable with vacuum tube technologies; some of them incorporate power-management features, i.e. capability for reducing transm
36、itter power in some beams or for some functions while using full power for others; they typically employ versatile receiving and processing capabilities, such as use of auxiliary sidelobe-blanking receiving antennas, processing of coherent-carrier pulse trains to suppress clutter return by means of
37、moving-target indication (MTI), constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) techniques, and, in some cases, adaptive selection of operating frequencies based on sensing of interference on various frequencies. Some or all of the radiolocation radars whose characteristics are presented in Table 1 and 2 possess t
38、hese properties, although they do not illustrate the full repertoire of attributes that might appear in future systems. Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 5 TABLE 1 Characteristics of shipborne radiolocation radars operating in the frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz Characteristics Units Radar No. 1 Radar No. 2 Radar
39、No. 3 Radar No 3A Radar No. 3B Radar No. 3C Overall tuning range MHz 2 910-3 100.5 Nominally 2 900-3 100 2 910-3 100.5 2 900-3 100 2 900- 3 100 2 900- 3 100 Tuning options and frequency/elevation relationship MHz Deterministic: High frequency low elevation angle 8 Channels 20 MHz each from 2 920 to
40、3 080 MHz Frequency at horizon MHz Smooth sea: 3 048-3 051 Smooth sea: 3 055 Smooth sea: 3 051 Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Coverage/ performance modes Long-range Long-range/limited elevation Short-range Short-range/limited elevation (each with normal, coincident video, or moving tar
41、get indication (MTI) beams/pulses) Normal ( 45 elevation) 5 Burn-thru: 1 fixed 1.6 beam Chirp-thru: 1 beam with chirped waveform Long-range MTI, 3-pulse; 5 or 45 Short-range MTI, 4-pulse; 5 or 45 Passive Long-range ( 12.8 elevation) Long-range/low-elevation ( 4.8) High-angle ( 41.6) Limited-elevatio
42、n ( 12.8) High-data-rate ( 41.6) MTI ( 36.9) Short range to 45 km (24 nm) Long range to 90 km (48 nm) 6 Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 TABLE 1 (continued) Characteristics Units Radar No. 1 Radar No. 2 Radar No. 3 Radar No 3A Radar No. 3B Radar No. 3C Tx pulse waveform-type Unmodulated Normal, 5, and MTI modes:
43、 9 stepped-frequency sub-pulses (1.5 MHz between adjacent subpulses); Burn-thru mode: unmodulated Chirp-thru mode: linear FM Unmodulated Non Linear FM Non-Linear FM FM Tx RF output device(s) Klystron Cross-field amplifier (amplitron) Klystron Solid state Solid state Solid state Tx filter High-pass;
44、fco 2 840 MHz Not applicable Tx maximum peak power kW 900-1 000 at horizon to 35 2 200 at horizon to 5 1 000-1 500 at horizon to 35 200 170 4-90 Tx peak powers at higher elevations and/or reduced-range modes kW Power decreases smoothly from circa 1 000 at 35 to 300 at 41.6 600 at 5.5 to 21; 60 above
45、 21 and at horizon in most MTI pulses Power decreases smoothly from circa 1 000 at 35 to 300 at 41.6 Power can be reduced to 0.033 Tx pulse/subpulse width s Early units: 4 and 3 or 2 Later units: 10, 4.6, and 2.5 Normal, 5, and MTI: 27 (9 contiguous 3 s sub-pulses); Burn-thru and chirp-thru: 27 Long
46、-range and long-range/ low-elevation: 10 High-angle and limited-elevation: 4.6 High-data-rate and MTI: 2.5 0.1 to 1 000 0.1, 5 and 33 0.1 to 100 Duty cycle 200 (uses image-reject mixer in each channel) Rx RF and IF saturation levels, referred to antenna port 35 dBm Dynamic ranges: 90 dB, using up to
47、 46.5 dB of STC 14 Rec. ITU-R M.1460-2 TABLE 2 (end) Characteristics Units Radar No. 4 Radar No. 5 Radar No. 6 Rx IF bandwidth MHz Normal and MTI: 0.35 Coded-pulse: 1.3 1.6 1.1 at 3 dB 3.4 at 20 dB 12.1 at 60 dB Processing gain relative to noise dB Normal/non-MTI: 3 (2-pulse video integration) Coded
48、-pulse: 11 10 (pulse compression) 9 (pulse integration) 19 11 (pulse compression) 4-pulse MTI used Desired-signal sensitivity or noise level (referred to antenna port) dBm Normal mode: noise level: 116 Coded-pulse: noise level: 110 105 Interference-suppression features 2-pulse video integration Log
49、FTC Coded-pulse (pulse-compression) mode Pulse-pulse correlation Stationary-target censor Frequency agility Pulse compression Sidelobe blanking Staggered PRIs with post detect integration Hard-limiting CFAR (without MTI) or STC (with MTI) Raw signal monitor channel Extremely low receive antenna sidelobes Others similar to radar No. 5 Years in use 1975 to present 1975 to present Late 1980s to present (1) In most modes of radar No. 4, the interpulse interval, along with the peak power, decreases
