1、 Recommendation ITU-R M.1732-2 (01/2017) Characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services for use in sharing studies M Series Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services ii Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector
2、 is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy fu
3、nctions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC re
4、ferenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and th
5、e ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting
6、 service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellit
7、e and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Genev
8、a, 2017 ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1732-2* Characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services for use in sharing
9、studies (Question ITU-R 48-6/5) (2005-2012-2017) Scope This Recommendation documents the technical and operational characteristics of systems used in the amateur service and amateur-satellite services for the purposes of carrying out sharing studies. The systems and their characteristics described i
10、n this Recommendation are considered representative of those operating in the frequency bands available to these services ranging from 135.7 kHz through 250 GHz. Keywords Amateur, amateur-satellite, characteristics, sharing techniques The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the Radi
11、o Regulations (RR) defines an amateur service and an amateur-satellite service and allocates frequencies to them on an exclusive or shared basis; b) that systems in the amateur and amateur-satellite services operate over a wide range of frequencies; c) that the technical characteristics of systems o
12、perating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services may vary within a band; d) that some ITU-R technical groups are considering the potential for the introduction of new types of systems or services in bands used by systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services; e) that represen
13、tative technical and operational characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services are required to determine the feasibility of introducing new types of systems into frequency bands in which the amateur and amateur-satellite services operate, recommends 1 that the te
14、chnical and operational characteristics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services described in Annex 1 may be considered representative of those operating in the frequency bands allocated to the amateur and amateur-satellite services; 2 that Recommendation ITU-R M.1044 shoul
15、d be used as a guide in studies of the compatibility between systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services and systems operating in other services. * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Radiocommunication Study Group 1. 2 Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 Annex 1 Characteri
16、stics of systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services for use in sharing studies 1 Introduction A number of frequency bands are allocated to the amateur and amateur-satellite services throughout the spectrum. These bands have been selected to provide different propagation conditio
17、ns. Amateur and amateur-satellite stations perform a variety of functions, such as: training, intercommunication between amateur stations and technical investigations by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest (RR Nos. 1.56 and
18、1.57); disaster relief communications as elaborated in Recommendation ITU-R M.1042. To achieve these aims amateurs make use of existing mature and leading edge technology to advance their self-education, technical interests and service to the wider community including providing communications for di
19、saster relief. Amateur operators often apply communications technology in new and innovative ways to meet their needs in an increasingly crowded and noisy electromagnetic spectrum. As new technology becomes available, it is applied by amateurs to extending the range and capability of their amateur s
20、tations, and this feeds back into new ideas and uses that might have application in the wider community through commercial non-amateur providers. The bands and modes listed in this Recommendation are those currently used by the amateur and amateur satellite services; as usage, band allocations and t
21、echnology changes, this Recommendation will be updated to reflect the most recent developments and outcomes of the regular World Radiocommunication Conferences. 2 Operational characteristics Amateur stations and amateur-satellite earth stations generally do not have assigned frequencies but dynamica
22、lly select frequencies within an allocated band using listen-before-talk techniques. Terrestrial repeaters, digital relay stations and amateur satellites use frequencies selected on the basis of voluntary coordination within the amateur services. Some amateur frequency allocations are exclusive to t
23、he amateur and amateur-satellite services. Many of the allocations are shared with other radio services and amateur operators are aware of the sharing limitations. Communications may be initiated on prearranged schedule or by one station initiating a general or specific call. One or more stations ma
24、y respond. Formal and informal nets may be initiated as needed. Contacts may last from about 1 minute to about 1 hour, depending on traffic to be transmitted. In specific applications including, e.g. emergency and disaster-relief, amateur radio voice networks may utilize automatic link establishment
25、1 employing a variation of the 2G ALE protocol (sometimes referred to as 2.5G ALE) typically utilizing an external device. Operating protocols vary according to communication requirements and propagation: 1 “Frequency-Adaptive Communications Systems and Networks in the MF/HF Bands”, ITU Radiocommuni
26、cation Bureau, 2002. https:/www.itu.int/pub/R-HDB-40 Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 3 LF and MF bands typically use ground wave propagation and sky wave propagation over medium distance communication paths; HF bands are used for near-vertical-incidence-sky wave and low angle sky wave propagation for regional a
27、nd global communications; VHF, UHF and SHF bands are generally used for short-range communications, however, there are times when suitable propagation conditions allow beyond line-of-sight communications; Amateur satellites afford an opportunity to use frequencies above HF for long-distance communic
28、ations; and Signals bounced off the moon offer worldwide communication paths. 3 Technical characteristics Tables 1 to 8 contain technical characteristics of representative systems operating in the amateur and amateur-satellite services. This information is sufficient for general calculation to asses
29、s the compatibility between these systems and systems operating in other services. The upper frequency boundaries shown in Tables 1 to 8 represent the current state of deployment of most amateur radio systems. As amateur usage of the 135.7-137.8 kHz and 472-479 kHz frequency bands is restricted to m
30、aximum radiated power of 1 W (e.i.r.p.)2 and electrically short antennas in a high noise environment, operation on these bands is generally different to higher frequency bands. To establish communications with distant stations weak-signal techniques and operating protocols have been developed for us
31、e in this difficult environment and representative characteristics are shown in Table 4. These techniques utilize digital signal processing, forward error correction and bandwidth limitation to minimize the effects of high levels of natural and man-made noise. Tables 1 through 8 contain data on rece
32、iver parameters, transmitter power, antenna gain and radiated power (e.i.r.p.) and it should be noted that the values shown are notional and operational characteristics and any given amateur service station may deviate from specific values given in the following Tables. This particularly applies to
33、transmitter power which is often more likely to be determined by the licence conditions of individual countries, equipment availability and the need/interest of the individual amateur station, so the actual transmitter power used is very likely to be significantly less than the maximum values shown
34、in the Tables. Another factor to consider is that various transmissions modes have significantly different duty cycles and this affects the average power that is actually radiated. For continuous-carrier modes, e.g. F3E (FM), the power shown is constant for the duration of the transmission. For duty
35、-cycle transmission modes, e.g. A1A (CW), the power shown is during key-down and the average power during a transmission is approximately 45% of the value shown. For single-sideband (SSB) voice, Emission Class J3E, the power shown is expressed as peak envelope power (PEP). The average power per tran
36、smission depends upon the characteristics of the operators voice and is typically 30 to 40% of the value shown. For emission class A3E (AM), the power shown is PEP and the average power per transmission is about 80% of the value shown. Narrow-bandwidth digital modes, e.g. J2B (PSK31), typically oper
37、ate at far less than the maximum power authorized. Similarly for antenna gain and feeder loss, the maximum values shown are also notional and the actual antenna gain and feeder loss at any amateur station will be affected by near field effects, cost considerations, equipment availability and individ
38、ual operator needs. 2 Administrations may increase this limit to 5 W e.i.r.p. in accordance with RR No. 5.80A. 4 Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 To improve the usability of the data in Tables 1 through 8 the frequency ranges in The tables have been arranged to group, as far as possible, frequency bands that use
39、 similar techniques and equipment, noting that the techniques used by the amateur service continues to evolve over time as technology, equipment availability and the regulatory environment changes, so individual characteristics for any particular band or mode of transmission may be different to the
40、values in the Tables. Following Tables of the amateur service when using the data contained in Tables 1 through 8 when undertaking sharing and compatibility studies. TABLE 1A Characteristics of amateur systems for Morse on-off keying, PSK31, NBDP and weak signal modes below 900 MHz Parameter Value F
41、requency range(1) 1.8-7.3 MHz 10.1-29.7 MHz 50-54 MHz 144-225 MHz 420-450 MHz Necessary bandwidth and class of emission (emission designator) 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1D 1H00A1D(2) 1H00F1D(2) 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1D 1H00A1D 1H00F1D 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1D 1H00A1D 1H00F1D 150HA1A
42、150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1D 1H00A1D 1H00F1D 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1D 1H00A1D 1H00F1D Transmitter power (dBW)(3) 3 to 31.7 3 to 31.7 3 to 31.7 3 to 31.7 3 to 31.7 Feeder loss (dB) 0.2 0.3 to 0.9 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) 20 to 6 10 to 12 -6 to 12 -6 to 18 -3 to 23 Typica
43、l e.i.r.p. (dBW)(4) 17 to 23 7 to 26 2 to 26 2 to 34 2 to 36 Antenna polarization Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Receiver noise figure (dB)(5) 13 7 to 13 0.5 to 6 0.5 to 2 0.5 to
44、 1 (1) Amateur bands within the frequency ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) “Weak signal modes” are structured for very basic communications with low data rate and narrow bandwidth for best weak signal performance. Well known and commonly used weak signal modes include WSPR, JT65 and Opera.
45、(3) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. (4) May be limited by RR Article 5 in some cases. (5) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers. Below 29.7 MHz the external noise level is the dominant factor and typically higher than the receiv
46、er noise level. Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 5 TABLE 1B Characteristics of amateur systems for Morse on-off keying, PSK31 and NBDP above 900 MHz Parameter Value Frequency range(1) 0.902-3.5 GHz 5.65-10.5 GHz 24-47.2 GHz 76-250 GHz Necessary bandwidth and class of emission (emission designator) 150HA1A 150HJ2
47、A 60H0J2B 250HF1B 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1B 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1B 150HA1A 150HJ2A 60H0J2B 250HF1B Transmitter power (dBW)(2) 3 to 31.7 3 to 20 -10 to 10 -10 to 10 Feeder loss (dB) 1 to 6 1 to 6 0 to 6 0 to 6 Transmitting antenna gain (dBi) 10 to 42 10 to 42 10 to 42 10 to 52 Typical
48、e.i.r.p. (dBW)(3) 1 to 45 1 to 45 1 to 45 1 to 45 Antenna polarization Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Horizontal, vertical Receiver IF bandwidth (kHz) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Receiver noise figure (dB)(4) 0.5 to 1 0.5 to 1 3 to 7 3 to 7 (1) Amateur bands within the frequency
49、ranges shown conform to RR Article 5. (2) Maximum powers are determined by each administration. Maximum powers at 24-250 GHz are typically limited by available equipment and less than the administration authorises. (3) May be limited by RR Article 5 in some cases. (4) Receiver noise figures for bands above 50 MHz assume the use of low-noise preamplifiers. 6 Rec. ITU-R M.1732-2 TABLE 2A Characteristics of amateur analogue voice systems below 900 MHz Parameter Value Frequency range(1) 1.8-7.3 MHz 10.1-29.7 MHz 50-54 MHz 144-225 MHz 420-450 MHz Necessary bandwidth and clas
