1、 Recommendation ITU-R M.2046(12/2013)Characteristics and protection criteria for non-geostationary mobile-satelliteservice systems operating in the band 399.9-400.05 MHzM SeriesMobile, radiodetermination, amateurand related satellite servicesii Rec. ITU-R M.2046 Foreword The role of the Radiocommuni
2、cation Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory
3、and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU
4、-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/I
5、SO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT
6、 Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between f
7、ixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publ
8、ication Geneva, 2014 ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R M.2046 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.2046 Characteristics and protection criteria for non-geostationary mobile-satellite service systems
9、 operating in the band 399.9-400.05 MHz (2013) Scope This Recommendation provides a description, and the corresponding protection criteria for broadband noise and narrow-band interference, of one mobile-satellite service system that uses the 399.9-400.05 MHz frequency band (Earth-to-space). The ITU
10、Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the 399.9-400.05 MHz frequency band is allocated to the mobile-satellite service (MSS); b) that the use of the 399.9-400.05 MHz frequency band by the MSS is limited to non-geostationary (non-GSO) satellite systems; c) that the 399.9-400.05 MHz frequen
11、cy band is also allocated to the radionavigation-satellite service; d) that the allocation of the 399.9-400.05 MHz frequency band to the radionavigation-satellite service shall be effective until 1 January 2015; e) that future MSS systems may be deployed in this band; f) that the corresponding descr
12、iption of these future systems is needed; g) that protection criteria are required to meet the desirable performance objectives in the presence of interference, recommends 1 that the analysis to determine the effect on non-GSO MSS systems in the 399.9-400.05 MHz frequency band should be based on the
13、 following protection criteria: 197.9 dB(W/(m2 Hz) maximum aggregate acceptable spectral power flux-density (spfd) at the antenna of a non-GSO MSS ARGOS4 system for broadband noise interference (see Annex 1); 165.4 dB(W/m2) maximum pfd within a resolution bandwidth of 19 Hz at the antenna of a non-G
14、SO MSS ARGOS4 system for each narrow-band interference (see Annex 1); 2 that the protection criteria defined in recommends 1 should not be exceeded for more than 1% of time in the field of view of the MSS satellite. 2 Rec. ITU-R M.2046 Annex 1 ARGOS4 system 1 Description and characteristics of the M
15、SS system ARGOS4 The ARGOS data collection system (DCS) uses the band 399.9-400.05 MHz for the uplink and transmits split-phase, Manchester-encoded, phase-shift keyed (PSK) signals through satellites in low-Earth orbit. It operates at a 400 bit/s data transmission rate. The data collection platform
16、(DCP) typically uses a low-gain (3 dBi maximum at 40 elevation angle) antenna. The satellite DCS processor demodulates the uplink DCS data, multiplexes the data with other mission telemetry, and transmits the corresponding digital data to the ground in the 1 670-1 710 MHz, 7 750-7 850 MHz and 8 025-
17、8 400 MHz bands. Moreover, one downlink at 465.9875 MHz is implemented in order to send dedicated messages towards the DCPs. Because of the DCS data demodulation in the satellite, downlink performance can be separated from uplink performance when conducting performance analysis. The system Argos sup
18、ports different kind of users applications with various DCPs using different output power and different types of antennas (whip antenna most of the time); under these conditions, the power received from one DCP will differ from that received from another since it depends on the environment and the t
19、ype of antenna technology which is actually implemented on the platform. 2 Protection criteria for the ARGOS4 non-GSO MSS system in the band 399.9-400.05 MHz against broadband noise interference emissions 2.1 Calculation of the spfd threshold level of interference The addition of broadband noise to
20、the ARGOS4 receiver on board the satellite will have the effect of increasing the system bit-error ratio (BER), and therefore adversely affect its performance requirement. This analysis identifies the maximum acceptable pfd associated with broadband noise in the MSS ARGOS4 uplink channel. The receiv
21、e antenna gain pattern specification is expressed according to the nadir angle in Table 1: TABLE 1 Receive antenna gain pattern Nadir satellite angle 62 59 54 47 39 31 22 13 5 0 Gain in RHCP 3.85 3.54 2.62 1.24 0.17 1.33 2.24 3.08 3.80 3.96 Gain in LHCP 5.69 6.23 7.52 9.39 11.39 13.12 14.52 15.77 17
22、.17 18.00 Axial ratio 6.02 5.85 5.59 5.26 4.90 4.57 4.31 4.11 3.78 3.49 The ARGOS4 typical figures are: noise figure = 3 dB, worst-case background noise temperature = 1 200 K (measured value taking into account the industrial noise in Europe), attenuation between the antenna and the ARGOS4 receiver
23、= 1.6 dB. Thus, the system noise temperature at the input of the ARGOS4 receiver equals 1 214 K and therefore, the noise spectral density equals N0= 197.8 dB(W/Hz). Rec. ITU-R M.2046 3 The worst-case specification states that the ARGOS4 is designed to operate correctly when the received signal has a
24、 power C = 160 dBW (minimum level of the received signal) at the input of the receiver, which provides an effective Eb/N0= 8.3 dB in the bit detector of the ARGOS if we take into account the beacon waveform and the various losses. Therefore, in order to achieve a BER of 2 104that corresponds to a mi
25、nimum Eb/N0of 8 dB, the maximum acceptable degradation is 0.3 dB. Hereunder, the additive noise corresponding to the 0.3 dB degradation for the C/N0is calculated. Let I0represent the additive noise power density. Therefore, the initial N0noise becomes N0+ I0. The signal-to-noise ratio C/N0becomes C/
26、(N0+ I0). The degradation is 0.3 dB = 10 log (C/N0)/(C/(N0+ I0), thus I0 /N0= 11.5 dB and I0= 209.3 dB(W/Hz) which corresponds to a temperature of 86 K, and therefore an increase of 7% of the system noise temperature at the input of the receiver. Therefore, the maximum admissible level of noise dens
27、ity is I0= 209.3 dB(W/Hz). As indicated before, the noise density, I0, takes into account the attenuation and the antenna gain. As the spfd is required, it is necessary to transform this figure in dB(W/(m2 Hz). The equivalent surface area of an antenna having a gain G is: =42GSTaking into account th
28、e highest satellite nadir angle (62), the antenna surface equals 0.105 m2or 9.8 dB m2. Then, the corresponding spfd equals 209.3 + 1.6 (losses) 10 log10S = 197.9 dB(W/(m2 Hz). The maximum level of broadband noise interference in the band 399.9-400.05 MHz should not exceed 197.9 dB(W/(m2 Hz) to prote
29、ct the ARGOS4 system. Usually, the bandwidth of an ARGOS4 transmission equals 1 600 Hz. Therefore, the corresponding pfd limit equals 165.8 dB(W/m2). 2.2 Derivation of performance objectives Recommendation ITU-R M.1475 Methodology for derivation of performance objectives of non-geostationary mobile-
30、satellite service systems operating in the 1-3 GHz band not using satellite diversity, provides a methodology for calculating the unavailability time allowances for both service links and feeder links. For the service link, it is proposed that the unavailability time allowances should not be greater
31、 than 0.9 X (%), with X representing the BER in % (e.g. 0.1%, 1%, 10%, etc.) of a given MSS non-GSO link. Since the proposed pfd limit is based on a BER of 2 104, it implies the unavailability time allowances should not exceed 1.8 102%. Therefore, a less stringent 1% unavailability time allowance is
32、 indicated in recommends 2. 3 Protection criteria for non-GSO ARGOS4 system in the band 399.9-400.05 MHz against narrow-band interference emissions 3.1 Protection requirement from narrow-band emissions To better understand the rationale of this specification, it is necessary to briefly recall the be
33、haviour of the receiver. MSS ARGOS4 transmissions begin with 160 ms of unmodulated carrier to allow a phase-locked loop to lock more easily on the carrier. Figure 1 represents the ARGOS4 message format. 4 Rec. ITU-R M.2046 FIGURE 1 MSS message format M.2046-01160 ms carrierSynchronization bits Messa
34、ge content bitsA spectrum analyser in the receiver continuously monitors the full coverage bandwidth in search of the pure carrier portion of the MSS messages. When the spectrum analyser detects such a line, it considers that it is the beginning of a MSS message. The theory is based on the detection
35、 of a pure carrier wave (sine wave) in a white, additive and Gaussian noise environment. The power spectral density of the received signal (pure carrier + noise) is computed using fast Fourier transform techniques, and each signal above the system threshold is processed as if it were a MSS beacon (s
36、ee Fig. 2). M.2046-02Detected peaksThreshold Power spectral densityf The ARGOS4 receiver processors are therefore designed to detect discrete spectral components (unmodulated beacon carrier) and the corresponding resolution bandwidth is 19 Hz. Signals above the threshold level are assigned to an on-
37、board data recovery unit (DRU) for further processing and transmission to the Earth on the mission telemetry channel. In order to satisfy ARGOS4 detection probability performances for a wide range of user applications, the ARGOS4 receiver has been designed to detect and process extremely weak signal
38、s. Its performance is such that any signal, Cmin, which exceeds the local noise density level by 21 dB(Hz) (Cmin/N0 21 dB(Hz) would be assigned to a DRU for additional processing. Consequently, narrow-band interfering signals meeting this criterion would cause a DRU to be assigned to it. The consequ
39、ence would be that the performance of the ARGOS system, in terms of capacity (e.g. the number of simultaneous DCS messages that are able to be processed), would be seriously degraded. The ARGOS typical figures are: noise factor = 3 dB (ARGOS4 typical figure), worst-case background noise temperature
40、= 1 200 K, attenuation between the antenna and the receiver = 1.6 dB. Thus, the system noise temperature at the input of the receiver equals 1 214 K and therefore, the noise spectral density equals N0= 197.8 dB(W/Hz). As Cmin/N0= 21 dB(Hz), Cmin= 176.8 dBW. Therefore, any narrow-band spurious emissi
41、on greater than 176.8 dBW at the input of the ARGOS4 receiver, would result in a degradation of the system capacity. It is then necessary to compute this maximum admissible level of narrow-band interference at the input of the ARGOS4 antenna. Rec. ITU-R M.2046 5 The ARGOS4 receive antenna gain patte
42、rn specification is expressed according to the nadir angle in Table 2. TABLE 2 Receive antenna gain pattern Nadir satellite angle 62 59 54 47 39 31 22 13 5 0 Gain in RHCP 3.85 3.54 2.62 1.24 0.17 1.33 2.24 3.08 3.80 3.96 Gain in LHCP 5.69 6.23 7.52 9.39 11.39 13.12 14.52 15.77 17.17 18.00 Axial rati
43、o 6.02 5.85 5.59 5.26 4.90 4.57 4.31 4.11 3.78 3.49 Therefore, the maximum admissible power within the receiver and before the antenna equals 176.8 + 1.6 (losses) = 175.2 dBW. As the pfd is required, it is necessary to transform this figure in dB(W/m2). The highest satellite nadir angle is used to g
44、et an antenna gain of 3.85 dBi, which is transformed into an equivalent surface area using the formula: =42GS . Therefore, the corresponding pfd equals 175.2 10 log10S = 165.4 dB(W/m2). 3.2 Conclusion Following the above computations, the conclusions and recommendations regarding the impact of the aggregation of spectral narrow-band interference emissions, should not exceed 165.4 dB(W/m2) at the input of the ARGOS4 antenna for the frequency band 399.9-400.05 MHz, within a resolution bandwidth of 19 Hz.
