1、 Recommendation ITU-R P.1144-7 (07/2015) Guide to the application of the propagation methods of Radiocommunication Study Group 3 P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use
2、 of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and
3、 Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the
4、 submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of IT
5、U-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination,
6、 amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite ne
7、ws gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
8、ay be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.1144-7 Guide to the application of the propagation methods of Radiocommunication Study Group 3 (1995-1999-2001-2001-2007-2009-2012-2015) Scope This Recommendation provides a gui
9、de to the Recommendations of Radiocommunication Study Group 3, which contain propagation prediction methods. It advises users on the most appropriate methods for particular applications as well as the limits, required input information, and output for each of these methods. Keywords Radiowave propag
10、ation, prediction methods, digital products, spatial interpolation, height reference system The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that there is a need to assist users of the ITU-R Recommendations P Series (developed by Radiocommunication Study Group 3), recommends 1 that the informatio
11、n contained in Table 1 be used for guidance on the application of the various propagation methods contained in the ITU-R Recommendations P Series (developed by Radiocommunication Study Group 3); 2 that the information contained in Table 2 and Annex 1 be used for guidance on the use of the various di
12、gital maps of geophysical parameters necessary for the application of the propagation methods in recommends 1 above. NOTE 1 For each of the ITU-R Recommendations in Table 1, there are associated information columns to indicate: Application: the service(s) or application for which the Recommendation
13、is intended. Type: the situation to which the Recommendation applies, such as point-to-point, point-to-area, line-of-sight, etc. Output: the output parameter value produced by the method of the Recommendation, such as path loss. Frequency: the applicable frequency range of the Recommendation. Distan
14、ce: the applicable distance range of the Recommendation. % time: the applicable time percentage values or range of values of the Recommendation; % time is the percentage of time that the predicted signal is exceeded during an average year. % location: the applicable per cent location range of the Re
15、commendation; % location is the percentage of locations within, say, a square with 100 to 200 m sides that the predicted signal is exceeded. Terminal height: the applicable terminal antenna height range of the Recommendation. 2 Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 Input data: a list of parameters used by the method
16、of the Recommendation; the list is ordered by the importance of the parameter and, in some instances, default values may be used. The information, as shown in Table 1, is already provided in the Recommendations themselves; however, the Table allows users to quickly scan the capabilities (and limitat
17、ions) of the Recommendations without the requirement to search through the text. Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 3 TABLE 1 ITU-R radiowave propagation prediction methods Method Application Type Output Frequency Distance % time % location Terminal height Input data Rec. ITU-R P.368 All services Point-to-point Fi
18、eld strength 10 kHz to 30 MHz 1 to 10 000 km Not applicable Not applicable Ground-based Frequency Ground conductivity Rec. ITU-R P.452 Services employing stations on the surface of the Earth; interference Point-to-point Path loss 100 MHz to 50 GHz Not specified but up to and beyond the radio horizon
19、 0.001 to 50 Average year and worst month Not applicable No limits specified, within the surface layer of the atmosphere. (Not suitable for aeronautical applications) Path profile data Frequency Percentage time Tx antenna height Rx antenna height Latitude and longitude of Tx Latitude and longitude o
20、f Rx Meteorological data Polarization Rec. ITU-R P.528 Aeronautical mobile Point-to-area Path loss 125 MHz to 15.5 GHz 0 to 1 800 km (for aeronautical applications 0 km horizontal distance does not mean 0 km path length) 1 to 95 Not applicable H1: 1.5 m to 20 km H2: 1 to 20 km Distance Tx height Fre
21、quency Rx height Percentage time Rec. ITU-R P.530 Line-of-sight fixed links Point-to-point line-of-sight Path loss Diversity improvement (clear air conditions) XPD(2) Outage Error performance Approximately 150 MHz to 1 00 GHz Up to 200 km if line-of-sight All percentages of time in clear-air conditi
22、ons; 1 to 0.001 in precipitation conditions(1) And worst month for attenuation Not applicable High enough to ensure specified path clearance Distance Tx height Frequency Rx height Percentage time Path obstruction data Climate data Terrain information 4 Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 TABLE 1 (continued) Method
23、Application Type Output Frequency Distance % time % location Terminal height Input data Rec. ITU-R P.533 Broadcasting Fixed Mobile Point-to-point Basic MUF Sky-wave field strength Available receiver power Signal-to-noise ratio LUF Circuit reliability 2 to 30 MHz 0 to 40 000 km All percentages Not ap
24、plicable Not applicable Latitude and longitude of Tx Latitude and longitude of Rx Sunspot number Month Time(s) of day Frequencies Tx power Tx antenna type Rx antenna type Rec. ITU-R P.534 Fixed Mobile Broadcasting Point-to-point via sporadic E Field strength 30 to 100 MHz 0 to 4 000 km 0.1 to 50 Not
25、 applicable Not applicable Distance Frequency Rec. ITU-R P.617 Trans-horizon fixed links Point-to-point Path loss 30 MHz 100 to 1 000 km 20, 50, 90, 99, and 99.9 Not applicable No limits specified within the surface layer of the atmosphere. (Not suitable for aeronautical applications) Frequency Tx a
26、ntenna gain Rx antenna gain Path geometry Rec. ITU-R P.618 Satellite Point-to-point Path loss Diversity gain and (for precipitation condition) XPD(2) 1 to 55 GHz Any practical orbit height 0.001-5 for rain attenuation; 0.001-50 for total attenuation, 0.001-1 for XPD(2) Also worst month for attenuati
27、on Not applicable No limit Meteorological data Frequency Elevation angle Height of earth station Separation and angle between earth station sites (for diversity gain) Antenna diameter and efficiency (for scintillation) Polarization angle (for XPD(2) Rec. ITU-R P.620 Earth station frequency coordinat
28、ion Coordination distance Distance of which the required propagation loss is achieved 100 MHz to 105 GHz Up to 1 200 km 0.001 to 50 Not applicable No limits specified within the surface layer of the atmosphere. (Not suitable for aeronautical applications) Minimum basic transmission loss Frequency Pe
29、rcentage of time Earth-station elevation angle Rec. ITU-R P.678 Rain rate models Satellite Point-to-point Variability of propagation phenomena 12 to 50 GHz Any practical orbit height 0.01-2 for rainfall rate and rain attenuation along slant paths Not applicable No limit Probability of exceedance Rec
30、. ITU-R P.1144-7 5 TABLE 1 (continued) Method Application Type Output Frequency Distance % time % location Terminal height Input data Rec. ITU-R P.679 Broadcast satellite Point-to-area Path loss Effect of local environment 0.5 to 5.1 GHz Any practical orbit height Not applicable No limits specified
31、No limits specified Frequency Elevation angle Features of local environment Rec. ITU-R P.680 Maritime mobile satellite Point-to-point Sea-surface fading Fade duration Interference (adjacent satellite) 0.8-8 GHz Any practical orbit height To 0.001% via Rice-Nakagami distribution Limit of 0.01% for in
32、terference(1) Not applicable No limit Frequency Elevation angle Maximum antenna boresight gain Rec. ITU-R P.681 Land mobile satellite Point-to-point Path fading Fade duration Non-fade duration 0.8 to 20 GHz Any practical orbit height Not applicable Percentage of distance travelled 1 to 80%(1) Not ap
33、plicable No limit Frequency Elevation angle Percentage of distance travelled Approximate level of optical shadowing Rec. ITU-R P.682 Aeronautical mobile satellite Point-to-point Sea-surface fading Multipath from ground and aircraft during landing 1 to 2 GHz (sea-surface fading) 1 to 3 GHz (multipath
34、 from ground) Any practical orbit height To 0.001% via Rice-Nakagami distribution(1) Not applicable No limit for sea-surface fading Up to 1 km for ground reflection during landing Frequency Elevation angle Polarization Maximum antenna boresight gain Antenna height Rec. ITU-R P.684 Fixed Mobile Point
35、-to-point Point-to-area Sky-wave field strength 30 to 150 kHz 0 to 16 000 km 50 Not applicable Not applicable Latitude and longitude of Tx Latitude and longitude of Rx Distance Tx power Frequency Ground constants Season Sunspot number Hour of day 6 Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 TABLE 1 (continued) Method Appl
36、ication Type Output Frequency Distance % time % location Terminal height Input data Rec. ITU-R P.843 Fixed Mobile Broadcasting Point-to-point via meteor-burst Received power Burst rate 30 to 100 MHz 100 to 1 000 km 0 to 5 Not applicable Not applicable Frequency Distance Tx power Antenna gains Rec. I
37、TU-R P.1147 Broadcasting Point-to-area Sky-wave field strength 0.15 to 1.7 MHz 50 to 12 000 km 1, 10, 50 Not applicable Not applicable Latitude and longitude of Tx Latitude and longitude of Rx Distance Sunspot number Tx power Frequency Rec. ITU-R P.1238 Mobile RLAN In-building propagation methods Pa
38、th loss Delay spread 300 MHz to 100 GHz Within buildings Not applicable Not applicable Base: about 2-3 m Mobile: about 0.5-3 m Frequency Distance Floor and wall factors Rec. ITU-R P.1410 Broadband radio access Point-to-area Coverage Temporal coverage reduction due to rain 3 to 60 GHz 0-5 km 0.001 to
39、 1 (for calculating reduction in coverage due to rain) Up to 100 No limit; 0-300 m (typical) Frequency Cell size Terminal heights Building height statistical parameters Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 7 TABLE 1 (continued) Method Application Type Output Frequency Distance % time % location Terminal height Input
40、 data Rec. ITU-R P.1411 Mobile Short-path propagation methods Path loss Delay spread 300 MHz to 100 GHz 1 km Not applicable Not applicable Base: about 4-50 m Mobile: about 0.5-3 m Frequency Distance Street dimensions Structure heights Rec. ITU-R P.1546 Terrestrial services Point-to-area Field streng
41、th 30 to 3 000 MHz 1 to 1 000 km 1 to 50 1 to 99 Tx/base: effective height from less than 0 m to 3 000 m Rx/mobile: m Terrain height and ground cover (optional) Path classification Distance Tx antenna height Frequency Percentage time Rx antenna height Terrain clearance angle Percentage locations Ref
42、ractivity gradient Rec. ITU-R P.1622 Satellite optical links Point-to-point Absorption loss Scattering loss Background noise Amplitude scintillation Angle of arrival Beam wander Beam spreading 20 to 375 THz Far-field Earth-to-space optical links Not applicable Not applicable No limit Wavelength Term
43、inal height Elevation angle Turbulence structure parameter Rec. ITU-R P.1623 Satellite Point-to-point Fade duration, fade slope 10 to 50 GHz Any practical orbit height Not applicable Not applicable No limit Frequency Elevation angle Attenuation threshold Filter bandwidth Rec. ITU-R P.1812 Terrestria
44、l services Point-to-area Field strength 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz Not specified but up to and beyond the radio horizon 1 to 50 1 to 99 No limits specified, within the surface layer of the atmosphere. (Not suitable for aeronautical applications) Path profile data Frequency Percentage time Tx antenna height
45、 Rx antenna height Latitude and longitude of Tx Latitude and longitude of Rx Meteorological data Polarization Rec. ITU-R P.1814 Terrestrial optical links Point-to-point Absorption loss Scattering loss Background noise Amplitude scintillation Beam spreading 20 to 375 THz No limit Not applicable Not a
46、pplicable No limit Wavelength Visibility (in fog) Path length Turbulence structure parameter 8 Rec. ITU-R P.1144-7 TABLE 1 (end) Method Application Type Output Frequency Distance % time % location Terminal height Input data Rec. ITU-R P.1853 Terrestrial satellite Point-to-point Rain attenuation for
47、terrestrial paths Total attenuation and tropospheric scintillation for Earth-space paths 4 to 40 GHz for terrestrial paths 4 to 55 GHz for Earth-space paths Between 2 and 60 km for terrestrial paths GEO satellite Not applicable Not applicable No limit Meteorological data Frequency Elevation angle He
48、ight of earth station Separation and angle between earth station sites (for diversity gain) Antenna diameter and efficiency (for scintillation) Rec. ITU-R P.2001 Terrestrial services Point-to-point Path loss 30 MHz to 50 GHz 3 to 1 000 km 0 to 100 Not applicable No limits specified, within the tropo
49、sphere Path profile data Frequency Percentage time Tx antenna height, gain and azimuthal direction Rx antenna height, gain and azimuthal direction Latitude and longitude of Tx Latitude and longitude of Rx Polarization Rec. ITU-R P.2041 Airborne Point-to-point Path loss 1 to 55 GHz Any height 0.001 to 50 Not applicable Between the surface of the Earth and space Meteorological data Frequency Elevation angle Availability Height of airborne platform Antenna diameter and efficiency (for scintillation) (1) Time percentage of outage; for service availability, subtract value from 100. (2)
