1、 Recommendation ITU-R P.1816-3 (07/2015) The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile services using UHF and SHF bands P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, effici
2、ent and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are
3、performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Fo
4、rms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also
5、be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobil
6、e, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum manag
7、ement SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part
8、 of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.1816-3 The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile services using UHF and SHF bands (Question ITU-R 211/3) (2007-2012-2013
9、-2015) Scope The purpose of this Recommendation is to provide guidance on the prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile services using the frequency range 0.7 GHz to 9 GHz for distances from 0.5 km to 3 km for non-line of sight (NLoS) environments and from 0.05 km to 3
10、 km for line of sight (LoS) environments in both urban and suburban environments. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that there is a need to give guidance to engineers in the planning of broadband mobile services in the UHF and SHF bands; b) that the time-spatial profile can be impo
11、rtant for evaluating the influence of multipath propagation; c) that the time-spatial profile can best be modelled by considering the propagation conditions such as building height, antenna height, distance between base station and mobile station, and bandwidth of receiver, noting a) that the method
12、s of Recommendation ITU-R P.1546 are recommended for point-to-area prediction of field strength for the broadcasting, land mobile, maritime and certain fixed services in the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz and for the distance range 1 km to 1 000 km; b) that the methods of Recommendation ITU-R P
13、.1411 are recommended for the assessment of the propagation characteristics of short-range (up to 1 km) outdoor systems between 300 MHz and 100 GHz; c) that the methods of Recommendation ITU-R P.1411 are recommended for estimating the average shape of the delay profile for the line-of-sight (LoS) ca
14、se in an urban high-rise environment for micro-cells and pico-cells; d) that the methods of Recommendation ITU-R P.1407 are recommended for specifying the terminology of multipath and for calculating the delay spread and the arrival angular spread by using the delay profile and the arrival angular p
15、rofile, respectively; e) that the methods of Recommendation ITU-R M.1225 are recommended for evaluating the IMT-2000 system performance affected by multipath propagation, recommends 1 that the content of Annex 1 should be used for estimating the long-term envelope and power delay profiles for broadb
16、and mobile services in urban and suburban areas using the UHF and SHF bands; 2 Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 2 that the content of Annex 2 should be used for estimating the long-term power arrival angular profile at the BS (base station) for broadband mobile services in urban and suburban areas using the UHF
17、and SHF bands; 3 that the content of Annex 3 should be used for estimating the long-term power arrival angular profile at the MS (mobile station) for broadband mobile services in urban and suburban areas using the UHF and SHF bands. Annex 1 1 Introduction The importance of the delay profile is indic
18、ated in Recommendation ITU-R P.1407 as follows. Multipath propagation characteristics are a major factor in controlling the quality of digital mobile communications. Physically, multipath propagation characteristics imply multipath number, amplitude, path-length difference (delay), and arrival angle
19、. These can be characterized by the transfer function of the propagation path (amplitude-frequency characteristics), and the correlation bandwidth. As mentioned, the delay profile is a fundamental parameter for evaluating the multipath characteristics. Once the profile is modeled, multipath paramete
20、rs such as delay spread and frequency correlation bandwidth can be derived from the profile. Propagation parameters related to the path environment affect the shape of the profile. A profile is formed by multiple waves that have different amplitudes and different delay times. It is known that long d
21、elayed waves have low amplitude because of the long path travelled. The averaged delay profile (long-term delay profile) can be approximated as an exponential or power functions as shown in previous works. Both the number and the period of arriving waves in a delay profile depend on the receiving ba
22、ndwidth because the time resolution is limited by the frequency bandwidth of the receiver. In order to estimate the delay profile, the limitation of frequency bandwidth should be considered. This limitation is closely related to the method used to divide the received power into multiple waves. In or
23、der to take the frequency bandwidth or path resolution into consideration, the delay profile consisting of discrete paths is defined as the path delay profile. In Recommendation ITU-R P.1407, various delay profiles and their processing methods are defined as shown in Fig. 1. Instantaneous power dela
24、y profile is the power density of the impulse response at one moment at one point. Short-term power delay profiles are obtained by spatial averaging the instantaneous power delay profiles over several tens of wavelengths in order to suppress the variation of rapid fading; long-term power delay profi
25、les are obtained by spatial averaging the short-term power delay profiles at the approximately the same distance from the base station (BS) in order to also suppress the variations due to shadowing. With regard to the long-term delay profile, two different profiles can be defined. One, the envelope
26、delay profile, is based on the median value of each delay profile; it expresses the shape of the Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 3 profile at the area being considered as shown in Fig. 1. The other is the power delay profile based on the average power value of each delay profile. Furthermore, with regard to the
27、 long-term envelope and power delay profiles, path delay profiles consisting of discrete paths are also defined in order to obtain the variation in path number with path resolution, which depends on the frequency bandwidth. FIGURE 1 Delay profiles P .18 16 -01In s t a n t a n e o u sp o w e r d e l
28、a y p ro fi l eD i s t a n c e (m )A v e ra g i n gD e l a y t i m eA v e ra g i n gM e d i a nD e l a y t i m eL o n g -t e rme n v e l o p e p a t h d e l a y p ro fi l eP a t hD e l a y t i m eS h o rt -t e rmp o w e r d e l a y p ro fi l eL o n g -t e rme n v e l o p e d e l a y p ro fi l eD e l
29、 a y t i m eD i s t a n c e (m )D e l a y t i m eD e l a y t i m eP a t hL o n g -t e rmp o w e r p a t h d e l a y p ro fi l eL o n g -t e rmp o w e r d e l a y p ro fi l ePowerDtDt2 Parameters t : excess delay time, (s) i : excess delay time normalized by time resolution 1/B and i = 0, 1, 2, (here
30、 i = 0 means the first arrival path without excess delay time and i = k means excess delay time of k/B (s) : average building height (5-50 m: height above the mobile station ground level), (m) hb : base station antenna height (5-150 m: height above the mobile station ground level), (m) d : distance
31、from the base station (0.5-3 km for NLoS environment, 0.05-3 km for LoS environment), (km) W : street width (5-50 m), (m) B : chip rate (0.5-50 Mcps), (Mcps) (occupied bandwidth can be converted from chip rate B and applied baseband filter) f : carrier frequency (0.7-9 GHz), (GHz) : average power re
32、flection coefficient of building side wall, ( are 50 m, 1.5 km and 20 m, respectively, the envelope path delay profile diPDP envNLoS , is shown in Fig. 2, where the parameter is the chip rate B. When average building height , distance from the base station d and chip rate B are 20 m, 1.5 km and 10 M
33、cps, respectively, the envelope delay profile dPDP envNLoS , t is shown in Fig. 3, where the parameter is the base station antenna height, hb. FIGURE 2 Envelope path delay profile diPDP envNLoS , for NLoS environments P .1816-02P a t h n um be r0 10 20 30 40 503020100Relativepower (dB)B = 50 M c psB
34、 = 10 M c ps= 20 m= 50 m= 1.5 kmHhdbB = 30 M c psFIGURE 3 Envelope delay profile dPDP envNLoS , t for NLoS environments P .1816-03E xc e s s de l a y t i m e ( s )0 1 2 3 4 53020100Relativepower (dB) hb= 50 mhb= 10 m hb= 20 m= 20 m= 10 M c ps= 1.5 kmHBd6 Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 3.3.2 Power delay profile
35、 normalized by the first arrival paths power When base station antenna height hb, distance from the base station d and average building height are 50 m, 1.5 km and 20 m, respectively, the power path delay profile diPDP powNLoS , is shown in Fig. 4, where the parameter is the chip rate B. When averag
36、e building height , distance from the base station d and chip rate B are 20 m, 1.5 km and 10 Mcps, respectively, the power delay profile dPDP powNLoS , t is shown in Fig. 5, where the parameter is the base station antenna height hb. FIGURE 4 Power path delay profile diPDP powNLoS , for NLoS environm
37、ents P .1816-04P a t h n um be r0 10 20 30 40 503020100Relativepower (dB)B = 50 M c psB = 10 M c ps= 20 m= 50 m= 1.5 kmHhdbB = 30 M c psFIGURE 5 Power delay profile dPDP powNLoS , t for NLoS environments P.1816-05012345302010Exces delay tim ()Relative power (dB) = 10 m30 m = 20 mB10 Mcpshb50 md =1.5
38、 km P .1816-05E xc e s s de l a y t i m e ( s )0 1 2 3 4 53020100Relativepower (dB)hb= 50 mhb= 10 mhb= 20 m= 20 m= 10 M c ps= 1.5 kmHBdRec. ITU-R P.1816-3 7 4 Long-term delay profile for LoS environment in urban and suburban areas 4.1 LoS environments considered Figure 6 shows the LoS environments c
39、onsidered. In Fig. 6(a), the BS is located on the top of the building facing the left or right side of the street and the MS is on the middle of the street and the BS can directly observe the MS. In Fig. 6(b), the BS is located roughly at the centre of the rooftop of a building facing the end of the
40、 street and the MS is in the middle of the street. FIGURE 6 LoS environments considered P .18 16 -06B ui l di ngf a c i ng t hel e f t s i de oft he s t r e e tB ui l di ngf a c i ng t her i ght s i de of t he s t r e e t( a ) B S f a c i ng t he l e f t or r i ght s i de of t he s t r e e tB ui l d
41、i ngf a c i ng t he e ndof t he s t r e e t( b) B S f a c i ng t he e nd of t he s t r e e tBSMSBSMSBSMS4.2 Envelope delay profile normalized by the first arrival paths power The envelope delay profile dPDP envLoS , t normalized by the first arrival paths power at distance d is given as follows: a)
42、BS facing the left or right side of the street dP D PWde n vLo S e n vN L o SRdP D P ,2 1/300100081, ,2, t tt (7-1) b) BS facing the end of the street dP D PRdP D PeRdP D Pe n vN L o SWde n vN L o SWdWde n vL o S,2,21/300100081,/300100025/30010002,222ttt ttt(7-2) 8 Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 Here, dPDP env
43、NLoS , t is the envelope delay profile for NLoS environments given in equation (3) normalized by the first arrival paths power at distance d. is a constant value of 12 dB to 16 dB according to the city structure. is the average power reflection coefficient of building side wall and is a constant val
44、ue of 0.1 to 0.5. and are recommended to be 15 dB and 0.3 (5 dB), respectively, for urban areas where the average building height is higher than 20 m. 4.3 Power delay profile normalized by the first arrival paths power The power delay profile dPDP envLoS , t normalized by the first paths power at di
45、stance d is given as follows: a) BS facing the left or right side of the street dP D PWdpowLo S powN L o SRdP D P ,2 1/300100081, ,2, t tt (8-1) b) BS facing the end of the street dP D PRdP D PeRdP D PpowN L o SWdpowN L o SWdWdpowL o S,2,21/300100081,/300100025/30010002,222ttt ttt (8-2) Here, dPDP p
46、owNLoS , t is the power delay profile for NLoS environments given in equation (6) normalized by the first arrival paths power at distance d. is a constant value of 12 dB to 16 dB according to the city structure. is the average power reflection coefficient of building side wall. and are recommended t
47、o have values of 15 dB and 0.3 (5 dB), respectively, in urban areas where the average building height is higher than 20 m. 4.4 Examples 4.4.1 Envelope delay profile normalized by the first arrival paths power When base station antenna height hb, average building height , chip rate B, and are 50 m, 2
48、0 m, 10 Mcps, 15 dB and 0.3 (5 dB), respectively, the envelope delay profile dPDP envLoS , t follows that shown in Fig. 7, where the parameter is the distance from the base station d. Rec. ITU-R P.1816-3 9 FIGURE 7 Envelope delay profile dPDP envLoS , t for LoS environments P .1816-07E xc e s s de l a y t i m e ( s )0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.53020100Relativepower (dB)hHWBRb= 5 0 m= 2 0 m= 2 0 m= 1 0 M c p s= 0 .3 ( 5 d B ) = 1 5 d Bd = 0.1 kmd = 0.2 kmE xc e s s de l a y t i m e ( s )0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.53020100Relativepower (dB)hHWBRb= 5 0 m= 2 0 m= 2 0 m= 1 0 M c p s= 0 .3 ( 5 d B )
