1、 Report ITU-R BT.2042-4(10/2010)Technologies in the area of extremelyhigh resolution imageryBT SeriesBroadcasting service(television)ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency sp
2、ectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunicati
3、on Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent stat
4、ements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also availabl
5、e online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite ser
6、vices P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by
7、 the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 1 REPORT ITU-R BT.2042-4 Technologies
8、 in the area of extremely high resolution imagery (Question ITU-R 40/6) (2004-2006-2007-2009-2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 2 1.1 EHRI systems under development in Japan . 3 1.2 1 920 1 080/60 Hz progressive technologies in Japan in the year 2003 4 1.2.1 1 920 1 080/60P current technolo
9、gy status . 4 1.2.2 The technologies and products within the foreseeable range 4 1.2.3 Summary 5 1.2.4 Bibliography . 5 2 Overview of current EHRI technologies 5 2.1 Still and picture-by-picture image processing (current practice in programme making) . 5 2.2 Computer graphics (CG) . 6 3 Technologies
10、 and devices for EHRI realization . 6 3.1 Display devices . 6 3.1.1 CRT displays 7 3.1.2 Projection-type displays . 8 3.1.3 Display panels 8 3.1.4 Consumer displays . 8 3.2 Acquisition technology . 9 3.2.1 Electronic picture camera . 9 3.2.2 Telecine 10 3.2.3 Electronic still camera 10 3.3 Transmiss
11、ion technology 10 3.3.1 Optical transmission . 10 3.3.2 Satellite broadcasting . 11 3.3.3 CATV . 14 2 Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 Page 3.4 Storage technology . 15 3.4.1 Tape streamers . 15 3.4.2 Disks . 16 3.5 Coding and image processing technology 17 3.5.1 General . 17 3.5.2 MPEG-4 studio profile . 18 3.5
12、.3 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high profile . 20 4 Parameters 26 1 Introduction Throughout this Report a hierarchy of spatial resolutions, which is recommended in Recommendation ITU-R BT.1201 and also given in Table 1, is adopted to classify spatial resolution of pictures in extremely high resolution imagery (
13、EHRI). The limitation of available technologies in this area used to force us to stay mainly in still (non-real-time picture) image applications for higher resolutions. Recently real-time systems for higher resolution systems are reported though those are still in the experimental stage. Basically r
14、eal-time applications in this area can be defined in terms of frame repetition rates independent of the spatial resolution hierarchy. The attention of the reader is drawn to Table 19 where some questions have been raised that need further study. TABLE 1 A hierarchy of spatial resolution in EHRI EHRI
15、-0 EHRI-1 EHRI-2 EHRI-3 Spatial resolution (number of samples) 1 920 1 080 3 840 2 160 5 760 3 240 7 680 4 320 The hierarchy is based on the well accepted 16:9 picture aspect ratio. EHRI-1 to 3 are simple integer multiples of EHRI-0 pixel counts, namely 1 920 1 080, in horizontal and vertical direct
16、ions, i.e. the multiplier is the suffix value plus 1. The EHRI hierarchy in Table 1 is in spatial domain and is independent of the temporal axis. In the real-time case, images are classified by specifying the frame rate in the temporal axis. Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 3 1.1 EHRI systems under development
17、in Japan Recent findings on EHRI technology development have proved that real-time systems in the area of EHRI-1, 2 hierarchy defined in Table 1 are possible. They are still under development and dissemination of devices for EHRI and products to support practical applications is considered to be sti
18、ll several years away. However, an advent of a killer application of EHRI will surely accelerate the development of essential devices and thus system components. TABLE 2 EHRI hierarchy and major system parameters EHRI systems under development in Japan (September 2002) Affiliation System parameters
19、Developed hardware EHRI hierarchy Aspect ratio Horizontal resolution(pixels) Vertical resolution(pixels) Frame rate (Hz) Scanning CRL and JVC EHRI-1 16:9 3 840 2 160 30/60 Progressive Camera and display NTT EHRI-1 16:9 3 840 2 160 24/48/(96) Progressive Display NHK EHRI-1 16:9 3 840 2 160 60 Progres
20、sive Camera (developed one year before in 2001) NHK EHRI-3 16:9 7 680 4 320 60 Progressive Camera and display CRL: Communications Research Laboratory JVC: Victor Company of Japan NTT: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation NHK: Japan Broadcasting Corporation NOTE 1 The experimental systems are r
21、eported to ITU-R as a contribution in September 2002. CRL and JVC have jointly developed a camera and display system with 2 000 scanning lines called Quadruple HDTV. The camera system employs three CMOS sensors of 3 888 2 192 pixels and outputs the video signals in four channels of high-definition t
22、elevision (HDTV) signals. The projector employs three LCD panels of 3 840 2 048 pixels. The light output of the projector is 5 200 lm and the contrast ratio is more than 750:1. The resolution of this system corresponds to 2 2 times of 1 920 1 080 pixels. NTT has also developed a digital cinema syste
23、m that can store, transmit, and display images of 2 000 scanning lines, with 10-bit each for R, G, and B components. The projector of the system is the same as that of CRL-JVC. Image sources of the system are 35 mm motion films of 24 Hz and the system operates at a frame rate of 24 Hz or 48 Hz. The
24、projector displays the images with a refresh rate of 96 Hz in order to avoid the flicker disturbance. The resolution of this system also corresponds to 2 2 times of 1 920 1 080 pixels. NHK has developed an EHRI-3 system including a video camera and a projector display succeeding their previous syste
25、m based on EHRI-1. In order to realize this system, four panels for both CCD and LCD are employed. As the maximum number of panel pixels currently available is 3 840 2 048 for both CCD and LCD, four panels (two panels for greens, one for red and one for 4 Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 blue) are combined to r
26、ealize a resolution of 8 k 4 k pixels. The two green panels are arranged by the diagonal-pixel-offset method to achieve the resolution. The resolution of this system corresponds to 4 4 times of 1 920 1 080 pixels. 1.2 1 920 1 080/60 Hz progressive technologies in Japan in the year 2003 1.2.1 1 920 1
27、 080/60P current technology status Camera system bases on 2/3 inch CCD technology A 1 920 1 080/60P (60 frames/s) camera with three CCD devices for each RGB colour, has been developed as an experimental progressive scan HDTV camera in NHK of Japan in 2003. The horizontal and vertical resolutions of
28、this camera are about 1 000 TV-lines each, and the vertical MTF (modulation transfer function) response is about 57% on 700 TVL and 30% on 1 000 TVL. 60P display devices available as products It had been long believed that it is difficult to realize 1 080/60 Hz progressive CRT monitors since the res
29、ponse of horizontal deflection of CRT tube needs certain amount of time to settle itself in a stable condition. A novel technique can overcome this problem without changing the response of the deflection circuit of monitors. With a little bit higher response of the video circuit and the use of highe
30、r memory readout speed, the picture part of video signal can be squeezed in time domain and will leave a wider horizontal blanking period in the video signal. With this technique 1 920 1 080 60 Hz progressive scanning is realized. A professional monitor product is available from one of the broadcast
31、 products manufactures in Japan using this scheme. The scanning specification of the CRT monitor covers not only 24P but also 60P. 1 080/60P interface To make a 1 080/60P system feasible, interface for the system components is considered to be essential. Fortunately there is an SMPTE standard, SMPTE
32、 372M-2002, to use for the links between the equipment. The title of this SMPTE standard is “Dual Link 292M Interface for 1 920 1 080 Picture Raster”. The SMPTE standard uses two HD-SDI connections to transmit 2.970 Gbit/s data. The specification includes 1 920 1 080 60P/4:2:2/10-bit interconnection
33、s. Here, each link is specified in Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120 and can carry a 10-bit serial data stream defined in Recommendation ITU-R BT.709. 1.2.2 The technologies and products within the foreseeable range Projectors available before the end of 2004 The availability of 1 080/60P projectors is a
34、 product planning issue, and not so much a technological issue. The processing speed is a key technological issue for projecting progressive signals. However, this issue is not difficult, and is rather straightforward. It does not require a novel technique to achieve. The real issue is to develop a
35、projector that meets the demand and the competitive pricing of the market. One of the broadcast products manufactures in Japan is currently planning to release a full 1 920 1 080 projector before the end of 2004. This multi-scan projector covers 50P and 60P projection in its specification. CCD and C
36、MOS devices for 1 080/60P cameras For acquisition purposes, it is necessary for us to be provided with 60 Hz progressive cameras to have a genuine 60 Hz progressive environment. It is a well-known claim that an optical sensor for the 1 080/60P camera will be realized with the refinement of a current
37、 CCD device. Around this frame rate the CMOS optical sensor which can provide higher processing speed need not be Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 5 required. It is also understood that a camera system with the CMOS device will also be available in parallel with CCD based 60 Hz progressive cameras. Storage devi
38、ces The data rate of 1 920 1 080/60 Hz progressive format is two times higher than that of 1 920 1 080/60 Hz interlace. In order to record 1 920 1 080/4:2:2/10 bit/60 Hz progressive signals on tape it is necessary for a digital VTR to handle approximately 1.24 2 Gbit/s of data for net video only. Co
39、mpression technology is widely applied to video recording and the picture quality is well accepted. Under the current product line-up of VTRs in several manufactures there are recorders which can record 880 Mbit/s of net video rate. The combination of these technologies makes a recorder for 1 080/60
40、 Hz progressive quite feasible. One of the broadcast products manufacturers in Japan has released the specifications of a VTR product which is a portable VTR of the HDCAM series of products. The VTR can record 1 920 1 080/4:2:2/10 bit/60 Hz progressive signals with a compression factor of 2.7. 1.2.3
41、 Summary Japan contributed a progress report to the Radiocommunication Study Group 6 block meetings in the year 2002 on the subject of EHRI. In this Report several EHRI systems are reported to be progressive and have adopted the frame rate of 60 Hz. The systems reported are under experiment but seve
42、ral products which support 60 Hz progressive are already available. As the voices of customers accumulate toward 60 Hz progressive applications, it is a natural tendency that the family of products suitable to those applications should increase. There are clear technology trends to respond to such e
43、xpectation. 1.2.4 Bibliography Document 6-9/52, Document 6P/137 Progress report on extremely high resolution imagery applicable to digital cinema, contribution by Japan. Contribution Document to AHG on D-cinema in September 2001 Ultra-high definition video camera, by NHK Science that is more than 40
44、 times conventional TV signal resolutions. 6 Rep. ITU-R BT.2042-4 2.2 Computer graphics (CG) Various high quality graphic images are generated on computers. The images are generated in non-real-time, and there are no serious problems involved in this technology area. If disk storage capacity to stor
45、e the images is large enough and a high-speed computer is used, parameters such as spatial resolution, screen aspect ratio, temporal resolution and others, can be set, in principle according to the demands. However, creation of moving images on a real-time basis is difficult to realize with current
46、technology. It depends on the complexity of the image to be produced and the CG technology used. Image generation by a simple CG technology makes some applications, such as virtual reality systems, flight simulators and game machines, possible in real-time. For current HDTV programme production, app
47、roximately 0.25 h is required using an 800 MIPS computer to generate one frame of a human image. If an EHRI-3 level of image is to be produced with the same technology, four hours will be needed to generate a 4 4 times higher resolution image. Availability of huge CPU power in terms of MIPS and an a
48、doption of dedicated graphics engines are always the key for generating high resolution images in CG. 3 Technologies and devices for EHRI realization 3.1 Display devices The number of HDTV display monitors for high-grade home use in Japan has begun to increase following the successful introduction o
49、f digital satellite broadcasting service for HDTV. The price of such monitors is becoming significantly lower compared to the past. Personal computers are also becoming popular not only in the office but also in each individual home all over the world. The phenomenon has coincided with the wide penetration of the Internet. The GUI for the “Windows” machines requires much higher display capabilities than VGA (640 480), such as XGA (1 024 768), and SXGA (1 280 1 024). Displays for typical workstat
