1、 Report ITU-R BT.2140-3(05/2011)Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial broadcastingBT SeriesBroadcasting service(television)ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency sp
2、ectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunicati
3、on Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent stat
4、ements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also availabl
5、e online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite ser
6、vices P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by
7、 the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 1 REPORT ITU-R BT.2140-3 Transition f
8、rom analogue to digital terrestrial broadcasting (2008-2009-2010-2011) Note by the Chairman A Group was tasked to prepare a Report on the Transition from analogue to digital broadcasting by WP 6E of ITU-R with Decision annexed to the Chairmans Report as Corrigendum 1 to Annex 17 to Document 6E/39/30
9、-01-2004 of WP 6E. The Group had nine meetings and prepared a draft final version of the Report. Three meetings were held, the first at the EBU Headquarters in Geneva on 13 January 2004, the second in Milan on 26 and 27 February 2004 and the third, organized during the April 2004 meeting of WP 6E. A
10、s a result of these meetings the Group defined and adopted the Draft Contents of the Report. The next six meetings were held in Rome on 7-9 July 2004, in October 2004 during the meeting of WP 6E, in Venice on 3-4 March 2005, in Rome on 27-28 June 2005, in Seoul in August 2006, in Rome on 17-18 Janua
11、ry 2007 and in Rome on 3-6 December 2007. At this meeting the Group concluded its work and will present its Final Report to the WP 6E meeting planned for May 2008. The purpose of this Report is to help the Countries that are in the process of migrating from analogue to digital terrestrial broadcasti
12、ng. The Report examines the reasons why this is happening and the technologies involved. It provides an overview of digital terrestrial sound and television broadcasting technologies and system migration. The Report outlines the available options for making that transition and the route to be follow
13、ed. The Report is divided into two parts. Part 1 deals with the main issues related with the transition to digital, presents the principal problems and possible solutions. Part 2 gives more detailed information on important aspects which have already been covered in Part 1. List of participants Aras
14、teh K. (IRN), Bochent D. (F), Cane M. (I), Canzio A. (I), Cruciatti M. (I), Dotolev V. (RUS), Valderez de Almeida Donzelli (B) Fujii T. (J), Giudici P.V. (CVA), Hate M. (UK), Kantchev P. (BUL), Kim K. (KOR), Kisrawi N. (SYR), Lazzarini P. (CVA), Magenta A. (I), Masullo G. (I), Mege Ph. (F), Mimis V.
15、 (CAN), Montrucchio S. (I), Nalbandian A. (ARM ), Olson L. (USA), Perpar S. (SVN), Perrazzino A. (I), Puigrefagut E. (EBU), Salvatori S. (CVA), Simic M. (Ser), Scotti A. (I), Spells G. (UK), Stanley G. (UK), Tsuchida K.(J), Vasseur P. (F). 2 Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 Part 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter
16、 1 to Part 1 6 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Purpose of Report 6 1.2 General 6 1.3 Why Digital? Technical Considerations . 6 1.4 Why Digital? Commercial and Regulatory Considerations . 7 1.5 How Digital? Technical and Regulatory Considerations . 7 1.6 How Digital? Commercial Considerations . 8 1.7 ITU activi
17、ties . 10 1.8 The scope and the future of SG 6 10 1.8.1 Introduction . 10 1.8.2 The digital broadcasting chain . 10 1.8.3 Outline for the future . 12 Chapter 2 to Part 1 14 2 Overview of broadcasting technologies . 14 2.1 Introduction . 14 2.1.1 ITU-R 14 2.1.2 ITU-T . 14 2.1.3 ITU-D 15 2.1.4 Regiona
18、l Radiocommunication Conference 15 2.1.5 World Radiocommunication Conference 16 2.2 Analogue broadcasting technologies and systems. 16 2.3 Planning considerations for analogue and digital systems 16 2.3.1 Background 16 2.3.2 Sharing broadcasting frequencies bands with other primary services . 17 2.4
19、 Digital broadcasting technologies and systems . 19 2.4.1 Digital fundamentals . 19 2.4.2 Background . 19 2.5 Digital sound broadcasting 21 Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 3 Page 2.5.1 Description of digital sound broadcasting systems . 23 2.6 Digital terrestrial television broadcasting 25 2.6.1 Introduction .
20、 25 2.6.2 Description of digital television broadcasting systems . 26 2.7 Summary . 31 2.8 Evaluation of potential digital sound and TV broadcasting systems . 32 2.8.1 Evaluation of specific Terrestrial Digital Sound and TV Broadcasting 32 2.8.2 Hybrid systems 33 Chapter 3 to Part 1 34 3 Application
21、 and implementation of digital broadcasting . 34 3.1 Regulatory considerations . 34 3.2 Efficient usage of broadcasting spectrum 35 3.3 Requirements of sound and television broadcasting services . 35 3.3.1 Network aspects 35 3.3.2 Receiver aspects 36 3.4 Aspects related to the interoperability of sy
22、stems . 36 3.5 Components of digital sound broadcasting equipment 36 3.5.1 Transmitters . 36 3.5.2 Antennas for transmission . 36 3.5.3 Receivers . 36 3.6 Components of digital television broadcasting equipment 37 3.6.1 Transmitters . 37 3.6.2 Antennas for transmission . 37 3.6.3 Receivers . 38 3.7
23、Data broadcasting 38 3.8 Broadcasting services for mobile reception 38 3.9 Interference aspects . 39 3.9.1 Interference free reception in the mobile environment 39 3.9.2 Impact of interference in end user environment 39 Chapter 4 to Part 1 40 4 Transition issues . 40 4.1 Spectrum availability . 40 4
24、.1.1 Considerations for the digital broadcasting . 40 4 Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 Page 4.1.2 General considerations on broadcasting planning . 42 4.2 Broadcasting planning principles 42 4.2.1 General considerations 42 4.2.2 Coverage of an allotment area . 43 4.2.3 Allotment test points . 43 4.2.4 Digital
25、 sound broadcasting in HF bands . 44 4.3 Quality of service 44 4.4 Economical aspects of spectrum utilization 44 4.5 Health, safety and other legal considerations 44 4.6 Switchover analogue to digital 45 4.6.1 Simulcast of analogue and digital services 45 4.6.2 Possible mechanisms for the implementa
26、tion of digital broadcasting . 45 4.6.3 Switchover overview . 46 Appendix 1 to Part 1 Case Studies 47 1 Australia . 47 2 Brazil 47 3 Bulgaria 48 4 Canada 48 5 China 49 6 Germany . 49 7 Guinea 50 8 Italy 50 9 Japan . 51 10 Kenya . 51 11 Mexico 52 12 Russian Federation . 53 13 Tanzania . 54 14 United
27、States of America . 54 15 Republic of Korea 55 15.1 Digital TV for fixed reception . 55 Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 5 Page 15.2 T-DMB for mobile reception 55 16 Venezuela . 55 17 OCDE . 55 18 European Union . 55 Appendix 2 to Part 1 Glossary (Abbreviations) 56 6 Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 Chapter 1 to Part 1 1 I
28、ntroduction 1.1 Purpose of Report Throughout the World, countries are in various stages of switching over from analog to digital terrestrial broadcasting. The digital systems utilized in different parts of the world are described in Recommendations ITU-R BS.1114-5 (for sound) and ITU-R BT.1306-3 (fo
29、r television). This Report attempts to provide an overview of the digital switch-over situation world-wide and will be updated regularly. In 2006, the ITUs Regional Radiocommunication Conference (RRC-06) comprising 120 Administrations in Region 1 (except Mongolia) and Iran from Region 3, adopted a t
30、reaty Agreement (GE06 Agreement) that includes a frequency Plan for the digital sound and television broadcasting service. The Plan was developed based upon the digital sound T-DAB system and the digital television DVB-T system. This is a long-term Plan which is based on a mask concept and defined p
31、rotection and interference criteria that would allow for further evolution of this Plan1. 1.2 General The process of migration, or “Switchover” from analogue to digital techniques can take many routes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of rapidity, the players involved, and the
32、 degree of government intervention. Often influenced by the local broadcasting legacy, each country will follow its own switchover path. Switchover implies more than a technical migration as the role of TV and radio in modern societies is economic, social and political. Appendix 1 Part 2 (Case studi
33、es) is intended to demonstrate the existing and planned transition from analogue to digital systems in different countries. Switchover affects all segments in the broadcasting value-chain: from content production through transmission to reception, all of which require technical upgrading to support
34、digital broadcasts. The serious challenge is to replace or upgrade the huge installed base of analogue receivers. This can be done with integrated digital receivers, or “set-top-boxes” taking care to modify such things as antennas, dishes, cabling, etc. as appropriate. While market forces and consum
35、er demand will eventually drive the digitalisation of broadcasting it is important to remember that the change has been facilitated by technical development. In broadcasting, as in many other industries, changes are brought about as much, if not more, through the emergence and exploitation of new te
36、chnologies than by a perceived business demand. With this in mind it is worth first briefly examining the benefits that digitisation might offer. 1.3 Why Digital? Technical Considerations A primary benefit of digitalisation is greater control over channel performance. The overall performance of an a
37、nalogue radiocommunications channel is dictated largely by the characteristics of the channel itself. The scope for exploiting the “trade-offs” implicit in Shannons Theorem (Shannon, C. E. 1949 The 1Art. 5.1.3 of GE06 Agreement: “5.1.3 A digital entry in the Plan may also be notified with characteri
38、stics different from those appearing in the Plan, for transmissions in the broadcasting service or in other primary terrestrial services operating in conformity with the Radio Regulations, provided that the peak power density in any 4 kHz of the above-mentioned notified assignments shall not exceed
39、the spectral power density in the same 4 kHz of the digital entry in the Plan. Such use shall not claim more protection than that afforded to the above-mentioned digital entry.” Rep. ITU-R BT.2140-3 7 Mathematical Theory of Information.: University of Illinois Press) is limited. By contrast, the ove
40、rall performance of digital systems is largely governed by the quality of the conversion processes (analogue to digital and vice versa) provided that the capabilities of the channel are not exceeded. There is much greater scope for exploiting the “Shannon trade-offs”, particularly if error correctio
41、n techniques are used. In effect the performance of analogue systems tends to deteriorate as the channel performance deteriorates while digital systems remain as defined by the conversion processes until they fail completely. Unfortunately, this means that the subjective effects of channel performan
42、ce on digital systems can be much more obtrusive when working close to the ultimate channel capacity. Of seminal importance is the ability of digital systems to compress data into a smaller space with the consequently delay output of the signal. In the broadcasting context this means the use of comp
43、ression coding techniques which allow relatively high sound and picture quality to be accommodated in a much smaller channel bandwidth. A related benefit is the ability to trade between quality (which is dictated primarily by the degree of compression) and spectral occupancy more or less at will. Th
44、e two factors taken together have allowed digital broadcasters to transmit various combinations of high definition (HDTV) and standard definition (SDTV) programs and ancillary data in the same amount of spectrum as one analogue channel while the transmitter power per channel is approximately one fif
45、th of that for an analogue channel. The major selling point for digital TV systems is the ability to offer the viewer and listener more services, greater variety and higher technical quality. Further to this, digital systems offer additional benefits. Firstly, the relatively easy addition of ancilla
46、ry data services allows such features as automatic or semi automatic tuning, multiple camera angles, conditional access and the inclusion of supplementary (or even completely unrelated) data streams. Secondly, digital broadcasting techniques can offer credible “single frequency networks”. This in it
47、s turn makes for even more efficient use of available spectrum, potentially opening the door to even more audience choice. Another technical solution related to digital broadcasting technology is the possibility to adopt them for mobile receiving devices. 1.4 Why Digital? Commercial and Regulatory C
48、onsiderations As already stated, the major commercial advantage of digital broadcasting is the ability to offer a greater range and diversity of services and applications. This is attractive from the broadcasters perspective since this can be done ultimately without the need for additional spectrum
49、(after transition period) and with lower transmitter power. New commercial opportunities will exist. The more consistent, if not better, subjective quality can be a benefit to both providers and users, as can the ancillary services like automatic re-tuning on a car radio for example. In an environment where the regulatory authority can charge users for the use of spectrum, the availability of a greater number of channels can generate greater income or allow lower rates to be charged to a wider range of users. Some in the regul
