1、 Report ITU-R BT.2160-1(10/2010)Features of three-dimensional television video systems for broadcastingBT SeriesBroadcasting service(television)ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-f
2、requency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radio
3、communication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of
4、patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Al
5、so available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related sa
6、tellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in
7、 English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 1 REPORT ITU-R BT.2160-1 F
8、eatures of three-dimensional television video systems for broadcasting (2009-2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Summary 4 1 Motivations for the introduction of 3DTV broadcasting 4 2 Background to possible 3DTV systems . 5 3 A hierarchical structure 5 3.1 Technology generations 7 3.2 Compatibility levels 7
9、 3.3 Matrix points . 8 4 First-generation 3DTV . 9 5 Future generations of 3DTV . 10 6 Expected bandwidth requirements for a first-generation system . 10 7 The 3DTV broadcasting chain 11 7.1 Image source methods 11 7.2 Characteristics of signals in the studio . 12 7.3 Programme production . 12 7.4 E
10、mission . 13 7.5 Display 13 8 Production grammar . 14 9 Psychophysical aspects of viewing stereoscopic images . 14 9.1 Visual fatigue and other possible health hazards 14 10 Assessment methodology . 15 11 The viewing environment . 16 12 User requirements . 16 13 Performance requirements 16 2 Rep. IT
11、U-R BT.2160-1 Page 14 Organizations with initiatives in 3DTV . 16 15 Conclusions 17 Annex 1 Organizations with current initiatives in 3DTV . 17 1 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 . 17 2 ITU-T Study Group 9 . 18 3 ITU-T Study Group 16 . 18 4 3DTV Network of Excellence . 18 5 3D4You Content generation and deliv
12、ery for 3D television . 18 6 SMPTE . 18 7 The Digital Video Broadcasting Project . 18 8 The Blu-ray disc Association (BDA) . 18 9 HDMI Licensing, LLC, has announced the release of HDMI specification 1.4 18 10 Consumer Electronics Association . 19 11 The 3DHome Consortium . 19 12 Association of Radio
13、 Industries and Businesses 19 13 Ultra-realistic communications forum 19 14 3D Consortium . 19 15 Consortium of 3-D image business promotion . 19 16 Japanese Ergonomics National Committee 19 17 Telecommunications Technology Association . 20 Annex 2 Historical background on the development of stereos
14、copic and 3D television systems . 20 Annex 3 Introduction to free viewpoint television . 20 Annex 4 Psychophysical studies on three dimensional television systems 21 1 Psychophysical studies of stereoscopic imaging systems key items for study 21 1.1 Naturalness and unnaturalness of images . 21 1.2 V
15、iewing comfort and discomfort 21 1.3 Visual fatigue caused by parallax 3DTV viewing 22 Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 3 Page 1.4 Individual differences in the stereopsis function 22 1.5 Effect on young people . 22 Attachment to Annex 4 Psychophysical studies of geometrical relationships and parallax distribut
16、ion in stereoscopic images 23 1 Introduction 23 2 Geometrical relationships and naturalness (see Annex 1) 23 3 Parallax distribution and visual comfort (see Annex 2) . 24 4 Conclusion 24 Annex 1 to Attachment to Annex 4 Geometrical relationships and naturalness: Geometrical analysis of spaces reprod
17、uced by stereoscopic images 24 1 Theoretical analysis of reproduced spaces . 24 1.1 Model of shooting/display systems 25 1.2 Depth distance in real space and stereoscopic image space . 27 2 Size distortion . 28 2.1 Theoretical analysis 28 2.2 Subjective evaluation tests 29 3 Depth distortion 31 3.1
18、Theoretical analysis 31 3.2 Subjective evaluation tests 32 Annex 2 to Attachment to Annex 4 Parallax distribution and visual comfort of stereoscopic images 35 1 Introduction 35 2 Parallax measurements . 35 3 Subjective evaluation tests of parallax distributions and visual comfort . 35 4 Subjective e
19、valuation of the sense of presence 38 Annex 5 Italian Health Ministry Circular Letters . 39 Annex 6 A preliminary set of possible performance requirements for a 3DTV broadcasting service . 39 4 Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 Summary The technology needed for a first-generation three-dimensional television (3D
20、TV) two-channel stereoscopic system already exists, although so far there have been no announced plans for the general introduction of regular free-to-air broadcasting services. A number of broadcasting organizations nevertheless continue to carry out experiments in stereoscopic 3DTV production, whi
21、le pay-television operator BSkyB has announced its intention to introduce a stereoscopic 3DTV channel in the United Kingdom during 2010. Several consumer electronics manufacturers have also announced their intention to introduce stereoscopic television receivers during 2010. An essential aim of this
22、 Report is to present a framework for a study of the various aspects of digital three-dimensional (3D) TV broadcasting systems1as outlined in Question ITU-R 128/6. It is intended to identify the issues that need to be addressed, and to encourage further contributions to WP 6C. 1 Motivations for the
23、introduction of 3DTV broadcasting Interest in the possibility of 3DTV in the home may be due in part to a new wave of 3D movies reaching the cinema. In spite of the need to wear glasses, 3D movies have proved to be popular, attracting large audiences who are prepared to pay a premium for the 3D expe
24、rience. This in turn is creating expectations of the possibly imminent arrival of 3D movies in the home through packaged media2, such as DVD and Blu-ray. Movies are an important part of television broadcasting, and so it is natural to consider whether 3D movies might in due course be made available
25、through broadcast means. On the other hand, while the need to wear glasses has not been an impediment to the success of 3D-cinema, questions are raised about the suitability of glasses in the home environment. The current state of development of autostereoscopic displays for glasses-free viewing lea
26、ves much to be desired, although it is hoped that ongoing research will eventually lead to improved or even new forms of glasses-free display. So todays motivation to explore the possibility of the introduction of 3DTV broadcasting may be seen partly as exploitation of the natural evolution of the p
27、hased delivery chain used for movies where feature films are first screened in the theatre, then go to the home in packaged media, and finally are made available on broadcast television. In addition, a pay television operator may also have an interest in offering premium content in 3D, whether movie
28、s or live events. 1Digital (3DTV) broadcasting is a television system that is designed to convey by broadcast transmission a more natural impression of depth to the scene that is being portrayed, by rendering spatially different views to each eye. In its simplest form, the viewer is presented with a
29、 fixed or “static” stereoscopic view of the scene, while a more complex form of 3DTV enables the viewer to change the perspective of what is seen in discrete steps, by means of head movement. In its ultimate form, “holographic” three dimensional presentation would enable the viewer to change perspec
30、tive through head movement in a continuous way that is comparable to natural sight in real life. 2Currently available Blu-ray and DVD packaged media use a rudimentary form of stereoscopic television, referred to later as a Level 1 system. The expectations are that a more sophisticated system will so
31、on be available. Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 5 Lastly, although 3DTV might not currently be seen a “future alternative” or development of high-definition television (HDTV), it is certainly possible that it could at least have a complementary role to other forms of 3D experience that are likely to become av
32、ailable in the home in the not too distant future. 2 Background to possible 3DTV systems The fundamental means by which a 3DTV broadcast system today is capable of enhancing users visual experience of three-dimensionality, compared to the broadcast of HDTV images, is by delivering stereoscopic image
33、 information to viewers in the home. 3DTV broadcasts must provide the signals necessary for generating images with different views of a scene to the two eyes of a viewer. By means of binocular fusion of the stereoscopic images, the 3DTV viewer can obtain an enhanced sensation of depth and an improve
34、d sensation of “presence” and “reality”. It is envisioned that the technology of 3DTV systems, as with all media systems, will develop and advance from one generation to the next, over a period of possibly many years. It may be anticipated that future generations will be likely to increase the amoun
35、t of visual information provided, reduce the restrictive need for eyewear, and increase the freedom of movement allowed without negatively affecting the quality of the stereoscopic depth. Thus, one method of classifying the various 3DTV systems is as follows: Eyewear-based systems: Those systems tha
36、t are based on or targeted for “plano-stereoscopic” displays, whereby left and right eye images are presented independently to the two eyes using various methods that require eyewear to isolate the two views of a given scene. Multiview autostereoscopic systems: Such systems that are targeted for “pl
37、ano-stereoscopic” (or non volumetric) displays whereby left and right eye images are presented independently to the two eyes, using various methods that allow two views of a given scene to be isolated without the need for eyewear. In addition, this generation of systems provides multiple views of a
38、scene such that viewers can freely change their viewing angle and have access to visual scene behind objects. Integral imaging or holographic system: Those systems that are based on object-wave recording (holography) or integral imaging and are targeted at the simulation of a light field generated b
39、y an actual scene. Thus, freedom of viewing position without the hindrance of eyewear is provided. In addition, the light field provides the visual information (focus cues) for adjusting the ocular lens so as to focus correctly at the same distance as the convergence distance. This provides more nat
40、ural viewing than the systems of the previous generations that requires maintenance of focus at the display screen irrespective of convergence distance. 3 A hierarchical structure Current proposals for 3DTV signal formats can be seen as forming a hierarchical structure, which correspond to different
41、 constraints and requirements. This is given in diagrammatic form Fig. 1. This hierarchy might be used in future for any draft Recommendation for 3DTV by the ITU-R found to be required. 6 Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 FIGURE 1 Matrix of signal formats for 3DTV The principle of the hierarchy is that each box
42、in the matrix in the diagram defines a type of signal, and this would correspond to the needs of a generic type of receiver. This is somewhat similar to the concept used for ISO/IEC JTC1 MPEG standards, though there are differences. Upper levels are intended to be “backward compatible” with lower le
43、vels, with one exception which is explained later. Though different 3DTV display technologies today have different advantages and disadvantages, the hierarchy is essentially independent of the type of display used. Research and development, and market forces should allow 3DTV displays and technology
44、 to evolve and improve, while preserving the public interest for interoperability. The hierarchy needs to cope with a range of circumstances, from where existing receiving equipment must be used intact (though glasses are used), to where some new elements (displays) are acceptable, to where both new
45、 receivers and displays are acceptable. Report 2160-01Compatibility level Conventional HDService Compatible(CSC) Level 42D HD + MVC(1)(i.e. MVC)(L, R formed by matrixing)2D HD + MVC(i.e. MVC)(2)(Depth, occlusion,transparency data) HD Frame- CompatibleCompatible (FCC)Level 3Frame compatibleplus MPEG
46、resolution extension,for example SVC(3)Conventional HDFrame Compatible (CFC) Level 2Frame compatible(L, R in same HD frame)Conventional HD Display Compatible(CDC)Level 1 Optimized colouranaglyphPlano-stereoscopicprofile1st generation3DTV Multiview p rofile2nd generation3DTVObject wave profile3rd gen
47、eration3DTVGeneration profile(1)MPEG-4 AVC Stereo High Profile a subset (to be published) of MPEG Multiview Video Coding (MVC), annex H to ITU-T Recommendation H.264.(2)(3)It is understood that ISO/IEC JTC/SC29/WG11 intends to address this form of extension to MVC. Annex G to ITU-T Recommendation H.
48、264.Rep. ITU-R BT.2160-1 7 The quality of the 3DTV will be influenced by the quality of the individual left-eye and right-eye signals, and because of this, 3DTV may be most effective for the higher quality environment rather than the SD-TV environment. Broadcasters may choose to use available 3DTV t
49、echnology, and find the limitations acceptable, bearing in mind the gains, or they may prefer to wait for future technology which will have fewer limitations. It seems desirable that ITU-R should provide guidance for both. 3.1 Technology generations In Fig. 1, the x-axis relates to the system “generation”. We may expect basic 3DTV technology to evolve in the decades ahead. The pattern of evolution is that we move from viewing a single stereo view with glasses, then to viewing with greater freedom for head movement, finally to vi
