1、 Report ITU-R S.2173(07/2010)Multi-carrier based transmissiontechniques for satellite systemsS SeriesFixed-satellite serviceii Rep. ITU-R S.2173 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by al
2、l radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferenc
3、es and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and l
4、icensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at
5、http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radi
6、owave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study G
7、roup under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R S.2173 1 REPORT ITU-R S.2173 Multi-carrier based transmissi
8、on techniques for satellite systems (Questions ITU-R 46-3/4 and ITU-R 73-2/4) (2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 7 2 Applications and scenarios . 8 2.1 High definition television/Three-dimensional television . 8 2.2 Mobile multimedia 9 2.3 Broadband Internet . 10 3 Satellite systems exampl
9、es . 11 3.1 17/24 and 21/24 GHz BSS systems 11 3.2 Integrated MSS systems . 12 3.3 Ka-band broadband systems . 13 4 System implementation methods 14 4.1 Single and multi-beam satellite systems . 14 4.2 Digital satellite transmission system 15 5 Multi-carrier and multiple access systems . 17 5.1 Basi
10、cs of multi-carrier transmission . 17 5.2 Multi-carrier transmission over a satellite link . 19 5.3 Multi-carrier based multiple access schemes . 19 6 Peak-to-average power ratio reduction technologies 20 6.1 Introduction . 20 6.2 Peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques . 21 6.3 CI-OFDM . 2
11、3 6.3.1 Introduction 23 6.3.2 CI-spreading technology 23 6.4 Power amplifier linearization: a technique to reduce the effect of PAPR 25 2 Rep. ITU-R S.2173 Page 7 Channel coding techniques . 25 7.1 Channel coding . 25 7.2 Concatenated codes 26 7.2.1 Single-level concatenated codes 27 7.2.2 Multi-lev
12、el concatenated codes 27 7.3 Turbo codes 29 7.3.1 Introduction 29 7.3.2 Convolutional turbo codes . 30 7.3.3 Block turbo codes . 31 7.3.4 Methods for decoding turbo codes . 34 7.4 Low density parity check codes 37 7.4.1 Introduction 37 7.4.2 Description . 38 7.4.3 Graphical representation of LDPC ma
13、trices 38 7.4.4 Decoding LDPC codes: belief propagation . 40 8 Link rate adaptation 43 8.1 Constant coding and modulation 43 8.2 Adaptive coding and modulation 43 8.3 Hybrid ARQ 44 9 Standards and transmission methods 47 9.1 DVB-S 47 9.2 DVB-S2 48 9.3 DVB-RCS . 51 9.4 DVB-SH . 52 10 Performance para
14、meters and models 53 10.1 Performance and spectral efficiency of a multi-carrier satellite system in linear channels 54 10.2 Evaluation of CI-OFDM transmissions in a non-linear satellite channel . 61 10.2.1 System model . 61 10.2.2 Test results . 64 Rep. ITU-R S.2173 3 Page 10.3 Performance and spec
15、tral efficiency of CI-OFDM in a non-linear satellite channel 65 10.3.1 System model . 65 10.3.2 Test results . 66 10.4 Performance of MC-CDMA in a non-linear satellite channel 74 10.4.1 System model . 74 10.4.2 BER performance of non-linear MC-CDMA satellite system . 74 10.4.3 Adaptive operation of
16、MC-CDMA satellite system 78 11 Future trends (on-board processing) . 80 11.1 Introduction . 80 11.2 Signal regeneration . 80 11.3 Reducing latency: IP-routing and caching 83 11.4 Flexible signals, flexible design: variable data rates, cross-layer optimization and software-defined radio . 84 11.5 Imp
17、lementation considerations and examples 85 12 Conclusions 86 13 References 86 4 Rep. ITU-R S.2173 Abbreviations 3DTV Three-dimensional television ACK Acknowledgment message ACM Adaptive coding and modulation AM/AM Amplitude-to-amplitude AM/PM Amplitude-to-phase APSK Amplitude and phase shift keying
18、ARQ Automatic repeat request ATC Ancillary terrestrial component AVC Advanced video coding AWGN Additive white Gaussian noise BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem BER Bit error rate B-GAN Broadband global area network BLER Block error rate BPA Belief propagation algorithm BPS Bent-pipe satellite BPSK Bina
19、ry phase shift keying BSM Broadband satellite multimedia BSS Broadcasting-satellite service BTC Block turbo code CCDF Complementary cumulative distribution function CCM Constant coding and modulation CDM Code-division multiplexing CGC Complementary ground component CI-OFDM Carrier interferometry ort
20、hogonal frequency-division multiplexing CN Core network CNR Carrier-to-noise ratio COFDM Coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing CP Cyclic prefix CPA Chase-Pyndiah algorithm CRC Cyclic redundancy check CTC Convolutional turbo codes DAB Digital audio broadcasting DBS Direct broadcasting sate
21、llite Rep. ITU-R S.2173 5 D/C Down-converter DLP Digital light processing DSL Digital subscriber line DTH Direct-to-home DVBH Digital video broadcasting-handheld DVBRCS Digital video broadcasting-return channel via satellite DVBS Digital video broadcasting-satellite DVBS2 Digital video broadcasting-
22、satellite-second generation DVBSH Digital video broadcasting-satellite services to handheld DVB-T Digital video broadcasting-terrestrial DVB-T2 Digital video broadcasting-terrestrial-second generation Eb/N0Bit energy to noise spectral density ratio Es/N0Symbol energy to noise spectral density ratio
23、E-S Earth-to-space ESPN Entertainment and sports programming network ETRI Electronics and telecommunications research institute ETSI European telecommunications standards institute FCC Federal Communications Commission FDD Frequency-division duplex FDM Frequency-division multiplexing FEC Forward err
24、or correction FES Fixed earth station FFT Fast Fourier transform FPGA Field-programmable gate array FSS Fixed-satellite service GEO Geo-stationary orbit GI Guard interval H-ARQ Hybrid ARQ HDTV High definition television HIHO Hard-input hard-output HPA High-power amplifiers HTS High-throughput satell
25、ites IBO Input-backoff ICI Inter-channel interference IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform 6 Rep. ITU-R S.2173 IPDC Internet protocol datacast IPoS Internet protocol over satellite ISI Inter-symbol interference LDPC Low density parity check LNA Low noise amplifier LoS Line-of-sight LTE Long term evol
26、ution L-TWTA Linearized travelling wave tube amplifier LUT Look up table MAP Maximum a posteriori MC-CDMA Multi-carrier code-division multiple access MCSS Multi-carrier satellite system MEO Medium-earth orbit MF-TDMA Multi-frequency TDMA MLSD Maximum likelihood sequence decoding MODCOD Modulation an
27、d channel code combination MPU Multi-carrier processing unit MSS Mobile-satellite service NACK Negative acknowledgment message O3B Other 3 billion OBO Output-backoff OBP On-board processing OECD Organisation for economic co-operation and development OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing OF
28、DMA Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing-frequency-division multiple access PAPR Peak to average power ratio PER Packet error rate PTS Partial transmit sequence QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation QEF Quasi-error-free QoS Quality of service QPSK Quadrature phase-shift keying RCFEC Rate-compati
29、ble FEC RF Radio-frequency RSC Recursive systematic convolutional Rep. ITU-R S.2173 7 RSM Regenerative satellite mesh SCSS Single-carrier satellite communications system S-DARS Satellite digital audio radio service SDR Software defined radio SDTV Standard definition television SFN Single frequency n
30、etwork SISO Soft-input soft-output SNR Signal to noise ratio SOVA Soft output Viterbi algorithm SR/ARQ Selective-repeat ARQ S-RAN Satellite radio access network SRS Signal regeneration satellite SSPA Solid state power amplifier S but this technology has other benefits as well. The use of OFDM allows
31、 for a single frequency network (SFN) where repeaters are used as gap fillers to enhance signal coverage without the need for complex equalization filters. In addition, the use of OFDM for broadcast systems allows for more efficient use of spectrum, since it reduces the number of guard bands require
32、d between sub-channels. In 5.2 the benefits of OFDM for satellites are discussed, which includes the reduction in the number of guard bands required for satellite applications. However, due to the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problems of OFDM for satellite high power amplifiers and perhap
33、s the generally slow time-to-deployment of satellites, OFDM for broadcast satellite has not caught on to date. Yet, it should be noted that new integrated MSS networks, which are described in 3.2, will make use of OFDM. Spectrum requirements for HDTV broadcasts are typically 3-5 times larger than th
34、ose of SDTV, depending on what type of video and audio compression are used 1. As is explained in 8.2, the use of DVB-S2 can increase the number of HDTV channels that a satellite DTH service provider can distribute by roughly 33%. This combined with new MPEG-4 compression can enable the delivery of
35、much more HDTV content in the programming of service providers. 3DTV Three-dimensional television (3DTV) is a relatively new application that adds depth to a traditional two-dimensional HDTV image. 3DTV-ready televisions have already been released to market, the majority of which require the use of
36、3D glasses that produce a stereoscopic effect to give depth to the image. Although, there are some “auto-stereoscopic” televisions that can produce 3DTV images without the need for glasses. However, these televisions have a narrow viewing angle, lower resolution and can cause eye fatigue 2. Televisi
37、on broadcasters have also begun to create 3D content. For example, in the United States of America, the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) offered limited 3D programs covering World Cup soccer games, while Sony and Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation have broadcasted 3D World Cup programs
38、in Japan. Additionally, 1For more information on DVB-S and DVB-S2 see 8. Rep. ITU-R S.2173 9 the Discovery Channel and ESPN are planning to broadcast dedicated 3DTV channels in the near future. It is also worth mentioning that the DVB group is starting work on their first phase to standardize the 3D
39、TV format 3. There are still many questions to be sorted out for the 3DTV format, for which the answer will have an impact on the bandwidth required to deliver its content. For example, the MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 advanced video coding (AVC) codecs are currently both being used to deliver SDTV and H
40、DTV formats. Additionally, there are three standards for 3DTV signals, which affect its delivery: checkerboard pattern, panels or full resolution. Checkerboard and panels signals are more simple signals that offer lower resolution than full resolution signals; however, they do not require any additi
41、onal bandwidth for signal delivery when compared with traditional HDTV. Checkerboard pattern signals enjoy being-first to market on digital light processing (DLP) devices; although they are more difficult to compress than panels signals. The full resolution signal format is created by adding a “dept
42、h signal” to the traditional HDTV signal. This additional signal causes an increase in the amount of bandwidth required to deliver the 3DTV signal; however, by using MPEGs latest multi-video coding compression standard for 3DTV, it is possible to compress the full resolution signal such that an addi
43、tional 70% of bandwidth is required when compared with an HDTV signal 2. This means that service providers could deliver roughly three 3DTV signals in the same bandwidth as five HDTV signals. This could be more achievable if the operator were to upgrade from DVB-S to DVB-S2, which makes use of MPEG-
44、4 and is more bandwidth efficient. Otherwise, for a lower resolution, the service provider could implement simpler formats, making the adoption of 3DTV by service providers a very cost-effective way to deliver new services at no additional costs (bandwidth). 2.2 Mobile multimedia The mobile wireless
45、 industry has been enjoying very healthy growth over the past decade. For example, US-based AT committee; agency; association; or body is discussing it. In general, broadband Internet is defined as high data rate/speed Internet access that is always connected3at speeds much faster than traditional d
46、ial-up Internet (56 kbit/s). Modern definitions for broadband can range from 5 to 2 000 times the rate of 56 kbit/s dial-up Internet 5. However, the definition of broadband Internet will continue to evolve as data rates continue to grow. In 6, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developme
47、nt (OECD), defines broadband as Internet connection at rates exceeding 256 kbit/s for downloads. In 7, the FCC defines the broadband in seven tiers of service, with the first tier (“basic broadband”) having a rate in the range of 768-1 500 kbit/s for downloads. In 8, Industry Canada the department o
48、f the government of Canada managing the countrys broadband plan defines broadband as having a connection of at least 1.5 Mbit/s download and 384 kbit/s upload speeds. In 5, the ITU defines broadband Internet as an Internet service providing data rates of 1.5-2 Mbit/s or more for download, which is t
49、he median download speed for a typical digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. National broadband strategies, which seek nationwide connectivity through government subsidization with the goal of further economic growth, are leading to increased interest in the deployment of broadband Internet. Many of these strategies seek to connect citizens that are yet to be served by broadband, with each institution having their
