1、 Report ITU-R SM.2212(06/2011)Impact of power line telecommunication systems on radiocommunication systems operating in the VHF and UHF bandsabove 80 MHzSM SeriesSpectrum managementii Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficien
2、t and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are pe
3、rformed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Form
4、s to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be
5、 found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiode
6、termination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note
7、: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R S
8、M.2212 1 REPORT ITU-R SM.2212 Impact of power line telecommunication systems on radiocommunication systems operating in the VHF and UHF bands above 80 MHz (Question ITU-R 221-1/1) (2011) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 4 2 Characteristics of radio-frequency radiation from PLT systems in the VH
9、F and UHF bands . 5 2.1 Interference radiation from PLT modem systems 5 2.2 PLT interference field strength with horizontal polarization 6 2.3 PLT interference field strength with vertical polarization 7 2.4 PLT interference into FM and DAB systems . 7 2.5 Conclusion 7 3 Radio system characteristics
10、, protection criteria, and impact of PLT systems on radiocommunication systems in the VHF and UHF bands 8 3.1 Broadcasting . 8 3.1.1 Minimum usable field strength of broadcast systems with regard to PLT systems at frequencies above 80 MHz . 8 3.1.2 Maximum interference field-strength densities at th
11、e broadcast receiving system . 10 3.2 Amateur and amateur satellite 11 3.2.1 Background noise levels in the 144-148 MHz band 12 3.2.2 Characteristics of amateur stations in the 144-148 MHz band 12 3.2.3 Protection requirements for amateur stations in the 220-225 MHz band 12 3.2.4 Protection requirem
12、ents for amateur stations in the 420-450 MHz band 12 3.2.5 Other services operating in the domestic environment with similar requirements . 13 3.3 Aeronautical mobile 13 3.4 Maritime mobile . 16 3.5 Radiodetermination service 16 3.6 Land mobile 16 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 Page 3.7 Radio astronomy . 17 3
13、.8 Mobile-satellite service . 17 3.8.1 Frequency bands 17 3.8.2 Protection criterion . 18 3.8.3 System parameters . 18 3.8.4 Specific case of the band 406-406.1 MHz . 20 3.9 Radionavigation-satellite service 20 3.9.1 Frequency bands 20 3.9.2 Protection criterion . 20 3.9.3 System parameters . 20 3.1
14、0 Other radiocommunication systems/applications . 21 3.10.1 Wireless medical implant communication systems . 21 4 Potential means for preventing or eliminating interference . 21 4.1 Adaptive EMC measures 21 4.2 Permanent notching 23 4.3 Dynamic notching . 23 4.4 Geolocation notching 24 4.5 Transmit
15、power control in ITU-T Recommendation G.9960 . 25 4.5.1 Construction of transmit PSD mask . 25 4.5.2 Notification of transmit PSD mask 26 4.5.3 PSD ceiling 26 4.5.4 References 27 4.6 Conclusion for preventing or eliminating interference . 27 5 Overall conclusions 27 Annex 1 Noise radiation and propa
16、gation considerations in the VHF and UHF bands . 28 A1 Detailed analysis of mode conversion at the switch branch . 28 A1.1 Mixed-mode scattering matrix of a balanced transmission line unilaterally loaded with a stub in series . 28 A1.1.1 Theoretical formulations 28 A1.1.2 Results 31 A1.1.3 Conclusio
17、ns 36 Annex 2 Analyses of potential interference in the VHF and UHF bands . 36 A2 Interference to VHF/UHF radio systems from harmonics of power line telecommunication systems operating in the VHF bands between 80 and 200 MHz 36 Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 3 Page A2.1 Domestic radio systems 36 A2.1.1 Conclusi
18、on . 37 A2.2 Compatibility between aeronautical radio and PLT in-house devices in the frequency range 30 MHz-380 MHz 37 A2.2.1 Compatibility analysis for interferences in aeronautical radio 38 A2.2.2 Calculation of interference threshold for PLT due to aeronautical requirements . 39 A2.2.3 Calculati
19、on of power flux-density caused by limits provided by PLT system standards 41 A2.2.4 Comparison of interference threshold required for airborne receiver and interference caused by PLT systems . 43 A2.2.5 Conclusions 44 A2.3 PLT aggregation model applicable for aircraft radiocommunication and radiona
20、vigation systems 44 Annex 3 Radio-frequency radiation from PLT systems in the VHF and UHF bands 45 A3 Radio-frequency radiation from PLT systems in the VHF and UHF bands 45 A3.1 Institut fr Rundfunktechnik GmbH measurements of PLT modems 45 A3.1.1 Overview of the measurements 45 A3.1.2 PLT performan
21、ce . 46 A3.1.3 Frequency spectrum measurements . 47 A3.1.4 Interference radiation of the Belkin PLT modem “Power line Gigabit” F5D4076-S v1 . 51 A3.1.5 Field strength with horizontal polarization 52 A3.1.6 Field strength with vertical polarization 54 A3.1.7 Real interference of the FM and DAB recept
22、ion . 55 A3.1.8 Conclusion from the IRT measurements . 56 A3.2 Communication Research Centre (Canada) measurements of PLT modems . 56 A3.2.1 CRC measurement procedure and conducted emission results . 56 A3.2.2 Conclusions from the CRC measurements 58 A3.3 CBS Broadcasting and National Public Radio m
23、easurements of a “Gigabit” PLT modem 58 A3.3.1 Measurement procedure . 58 A3.3.2 Conducted emission measurement results for the Belkin “Gigabit power line HD” F5D4076-S v2 PLT modem 59 A3.3.3 FM receiver interference from the Belkin “Gigabit power line HD” F5D4076-S v2 PLT modem . 62 A3.3.4 Conclusi
24、ons from the CBS/NPR measurements 63 4 Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 Page A3.4 BBC measurements of radiation from PLT networks 63 A3.4.1 Introduction 63 A3.4.2 Measurements in the screened room 64 A3.4.3 Measurements in Home A 66 A3.4.4 Measurements in Home B 68 A3.4.5 Conclusions 70 1 Introduction As part of
25、the studies on the compatibility between radiocommunication systems and high data rate telecommunication systems using electricity power supply or telephone distribution wiring (Question ITU-R 221/1), this Report covers the use of the radio spectrum and associated protection requirements of radiocom
26、munication services in respect to impact of power line telecommunications (PLT) in the VHF and UHF bands. It complements Report ITU-R SM.2158 which already provides information and guidance for the frequency bands from the LF bands up to about 80 MHz. Recent developments of PLT technology show that
27、PLT systems can use frequencies going far beyond 80 MHz. Future technological developments may even make the use of frequencies in the UHF bands possible for PLT. There are presently two main families of PLT applications: Access (outdoor) PLT whose target market is the last mile (i.e. 1.2 km) betwee
28、n the electricity supply substation and the subscriber and could be therefore an alternative means of access to the telecommunication local loop. Indoor PLT whose aim is to distribute signals (coming for example from access PLT from DSL or even from data sources within homes and without connection t
29、o an access network) to the mains electricity socket outlets inside buildings. According to the information available, frequencies above 80 MHz are currently only used by indoor PLT systems. The ITU-T Recommendation G.9960 (06/2010) Unified high-speed wire-line based home networking transceivers Sys
30、tem architecture and physical layer specification, contained a physical layer specification for such PLT systems using frequencies up to 100 MHz. This version merged 3 previously approved ITU-T Recommendations: G.9960 Foundation (2009), ITU-T G.9960 Amendment 1 (2009) and ITU-T G.9960 Corrigendum 1
31、(2009). The 100 MHz power line base-band profile has been modified to reduce the upper frequency limit from 100 MHz to 80 MHz. It is expected that further cooperation between ITU-R and ITU-T should allow a reconsideration of this frequency limitation in ITU-T Recommendation G.9960. It should be note
32、d that there are already indoor PLT systems on the market which follow other specifications than Recommendation ITU-T G.9960 and use frequencies going up to about 300 MHz or even beyond. Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 5 Such PLT indoor systems potentially offer transmission rates of several hundred Mbit/s via t
33、he normal electrical power wiring inside every building. HD-film streaming and online-gaming in the home are applications which may require such transmission rates. The implementation of such PLT systems and their technical characteristics can vary considerably. Because electrical power lines are no
34、t designed for the transmission of high data rate signals, PLT signals on electrical power lines have the potential of causing interference to radiocommunication services. Radio Regulations (RR) No. 15.12 requires that: “Administrations shall take all practicable and necessary steps to ensure that t
35、he operation of electrical apparatus or installations of any kind, including power and telecommunication distribution networks, but excluding equipment used for industrial, scientific and medical applications, does not cause harmful interference to a radiocommunication service and, in particular, to
36、 a radionavigation or any other safety service operating in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations1”. This ITU-R Report provides in its Chapter 3 information on radio system characteristics and protection criteria for a lot of possibly impacted radiocommunication systems operating betwe
37、en 80 and 470 MHz. It is intended to extend this ITU-R Report step by step, eventually covering all radiocommunication systems concerned in this frequency range. Depending on the future development of PLT systems, it might become necessary to consider also possible impacts on radiocommunication syst
38、ems operating above 470 MHz. 2 Characteristics of radio-frequency radiation from PLT systems in the VHF and UHF bands 2.1 Interference radiation from PLT modem systems The following is an example of interference radiation that emanates from a power line used to interconnect two high-speed PLT modems
39、 communicating with a data rate of up to 250 Mbit/s. The measurements were made using a reference antenna at a distance of three (3) m from the power line. The following peak field-strength values were measured and recorded in the 30-320 MHz frequency range in horizontal and vertical polarization: S
40、ystem noise of the measuring receiver (lower reference of measuring system). Environmental noise. Interference with modems in idle mode. Interference with modems during data transfer with up to a 250 Mbit/s data rate. Details on the test procedure can be found in Annex 3. As an upper reference, the
41、limits given in Table 6 of Standard EN 55022 (April 2007)2are entered in the diagrams. The limit values are indicated in quasi-peak values. Quasi-peak values are usually up to 4 dB lower than the peak values (see Report ITU-R SM.2158). “115.12.1 and 15.13.1 In this matter, administrations should be
42、guided by the latest relevant ITU-R Recommendations.” 2CENELEC EN 55022:2006; Information technology equipment Radio interference characteristics Limits and methods of measurement (CISPR 22: 2005 (modified). 6 Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 2.2 PLT interference field strength with horizontal polarization FIGURE
43、 1 Peak values of the horizontally polarized field strength in dB(V/m) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500Frequency (MHz)102030405060708090Fieldstrength (dB(V/m)Peak values horizontal polarizationSystem noiseEnvironment noiseModem idleData transferUpper limitThe blue line in Fig. 1 represents the smallest
44、 measurable field strength that equals the measuring receivers system noise. The red line represents the course of the environmental noise (man-made noise) in absence of the modems. Since the measurements were made at the IRT, where many electrical and electronic systems are operating, the environme
45、ntal noise is rather high (red line); below 150 MHz it is even above the upper limit value line. The peaks of the field-strength values in the 87.5-108 MHz range match the FM signals, those around 220 and 229 MHz range match the DAB signals that can be received at the IRT. When the modems are switch
46、ed on, the interference field strength increases, as indicated by the green line. During data transfer, the interference field strength again climbs, indicated by the violet line. Above 130 MHz, the level of the interference field strength caused by the modems is some dB above the environmental nois
47、e; this means the measured values are correct. The peak values of the modems interference during data transfer as well as in idle mode are in excess of the CISPR limit values of up to approximately 20 dB. The applicable CISPR limits are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 CISPR 22 edition 6, emission limits f
48、or information technology equipment (120 kHz bandwidth) Frequency range Radiated emissions (quasi-peak, antenna at 10 m distance) Class A (not intended for domestic use) Class B (intended for domestic use) 30-230 MHz 40 dB(V/m) 30 dB(V/m) 230-1 000 MHz 47 dB(V/m) 37 dB(V/m) Rep. ITU-R SM.2212 7 2.3
49、PLT interference field strength with vertical polarization FIGURE 2 Peak values of vertically polarized field strength in dB(V/m) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500Frequency (MHz)102030405060708090Fieldstrength (dB(V/m)Peak value vertical polarizationSystem noiseEnvironment noiseModem idleData transferUpper limitThe values in Fig. 1 also apply for the field-strength values in Fig. 2. The DAB signals at 220 MHz and 229 MHz are higher since they are transmitted at a vertical polarization. The peak values of t
