1、 Recommendation ITU-R RS.1881(02/2011)Protection criteria for arrival time difference receivers operating in the meteorological aids service in the frequencyband 9-11.3 kHzRS SeriesRemote sensing systemsii Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rationa
2、l, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommu
3、nication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Re
4、solution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent informatio
5、n database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F F
6、ixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service syste
7、ms SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All righ
8、ts reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.1881 Protection criteria for arrival time difference receivers operating in the meteorological aids service in the frequency band 9-11.
9、3 kHz*(2011) Scope This ITU-R Recommendation characterizes the technical properties, operational characteristics and protection criteria of the arrival time difference (ATD) system operating in the meteorological aids service in the frequency range 9-11.3 kHz. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, co
10、nsidering a) that long-range lightning detection using observations near 10 kHz has been performed since 1987, using the time differences of signals received to derive strike locations; b) that maximum spectral emissions from lightning strikes centre between 9 to 20 kHz. At these frequencies the sky
11、 waves, reflected off the ionosphere, propagate for very large distances with relatively little attenuation. Thus, it is possible to receive the emissions from a lightning strike at thousands of kilometres from the stroke location; c) that although national and regional lightning detection systems o
12、perating at higher frequency bands currently exist, these require a higher number of receiver stations due to the substantial reduction in coverage area of each receiver. Detection with such systems over large areas of ocean and land mass where local infrastructure does not exist is normally difficu
13、lt and highly costly to implement. Additionally coverage over large oceanic areas with these systems, such as the middle of the Atlantic, is not possible; d) that a primary benefit of the arrival time difference (ATD) system is the worldwide coverage provided by a limited number of receivers and the
14、se receivers provide a high level of accuracy regards to global detection; e) that the data provided by the ATD system is used by meteorological organizations worldwide and contributes towards safety of life, both in terms of forecasting for public safety and safety in forecasting aviation operation
15、s, especially over the oceans, and large areas of land, where national lightning detection systems do not exist. Additionally it has the potential to give a service in support of disaster risk reduction initiatives; f) that there is growing interest around the world in lightning detection capability
16、 for disaster mitigation, navigation and weather prediction purposes; *The Radio Regulations (Edition 2008) allocated bands start at 9 kHz. However the system mentioned in the Recommendation operates between 8.3 and 11.3 kHz. 2 Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 g) that the ATD lightning detection system relies on
17、naturally occurring emissions from lightning strikes and can be compromised by interference from other sources including man-made emissions; h) that because of long-range propagation in this frequency band interference can affect many ATD stations simultaneously and this can seriously degrade system
18、 performance, including in some cases the total loss of data, recognizing a) that there is a small number of ATD receivers located throughout the world; b) that the ATD network receivers operate on a single frequency basis with a 3 kHz measurement bandwidth, recommends 1 that Annex 1 should be refer
19、red to for the background information for determining the protection criteria for the ATD sensors operating in the meteorological aids service in frequency band 9-11.3 kHz; 2 that the protection criteria given in Annex 1 should be used to assess the compatibility between passive ATD stations of the
20、meteorological aids service and stations in the radionavigation, fixed and mobile services. Annex 1 ATD protection criteria 1 Summary This Annex set out those parameters that should be considered within any compatibility and sharing analysis between ATD receivers and other services in the frequency
21、band 9-11.3 kHz. 2 ATD receiver characteristics Typical receiver parameters for the ATD sensor are shown in Table 1. 3 Protection levels Based on the criterion of ATD Sferic1event waveform not being able to update when exposed to various levels of interference; two types of simulated interference wa
22、ve forms at various frequency offsets from the measurement band have been assessed, these being CW and pulsed CW (duty cycle 67%). 1* Sferic: A lightning generated electromagnetic signal (abbreviation for radio-atmospheric). Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 3 TABLE 1 Typical ATD system parameters Technical charac
23、teristics of the ATD system Receiver centre frequency 9.766 kHz Receiver (sensor unit) amplifier gain 12 dB if switched on by control software (normally the case) otherwise zero(1)Measurement bandwidth 3 kHz Total “pass band” 6.87 to 20.6 kHz Antenna type and directivity 2 m Vertical polarization, o
24、mnidirectional Whip Software filter Broadband highpass filter (3 dB at 2.0 kHz), cascaded with lowpass filter (0.28 dB passband limit at 17.75 kHz) Software narrow band pass filter 3 dB bandwidth 2.5 kHz 10 dB bandwidth 4.3 kHz 20 dB bandwidth is 5.7 kHz Typical receiver noise floor 70.4 dBm in a 5
25、kHz reference bandwidth (1) The 12 dB amplifier gain is used for long range detection, in the event of lightning strikes being in close proximity to the receiver, input gain is reduced to zero. 3.1 Typical ATD receiver noise floor The typical noise floor of the receiver is 70.4 dBm in a 5 kHz bandwi
26、dth. 3.2 Receiver sensitivity (at minimum signal to noise ratio of 15 dB) The receiver sensitivity of an ATD sensor is 69.5 dBm. 3.3 C/N as function of receiver sensitivity The C/N protection ratio was measured in a 5 kHz band width (see Table 2). TABLE 2 Measured C/N as a function of minimum carrie
27、r level Minimum carrier (dBm) Noise level (dBm) C/N (dB) 69.5 70.4 0.93.4 I/N as a function of frequency offset The I/N protection ratio measurements at various frequency offsets from the detection centre frequency using a constant CW and pulsed CW source of interference based on the criterion of th
28、e display not being able to update a lightning event. NOTE 1 I/N values as shown in the following sections can be reduced in the event that suitable notch filtering is deployed as detailed in 4. 4 Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 3.4.1 I/N protection criteria for constant CW types of interferer Figure 1 shows tha
29、t the minimum I/N protection ratio for CW types of interferer at various frequency offsets from the detection centre frequency. FIGURE 1 I /N as a function of frequency offset using constant CW interference 2010SN/ = 15 dBIN/ ratio(dB)The plot shows that a co-channel I/N protection ratio of around 3
30、 dB in a 5 kHz bandwidth is required. A higher protection ratio (I/N = +4 to +5 dB) is observed for frequency separations of 2 kHz. At frequency separations of 5 kHz, the level of protection required by the ATD system is around 44 dB. These results are shown in more detail in Table 3. TABLE 3 I/N as
31、 a function of frequency offset (constant CW interference) Offset (kHz) I /N protection ratio (dB) 0 3.9 1 2.8 2 5 3 17 4 325 45Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 5 3.4.2 I/N protection criteria for pulsed CW types of interferer Figure 2 shows the minimum I/N protection ratio for pulsed CW types of interferer (67%
32、duty cycle) at various frequency offsets from the detection centre frequency. These results are shown in more detail in Table 4. FIGURE 2 I /N as a function of frequency offset (pulsed CW interference) SN/ = 15 dBIN/ ratio(dB)TABLE 4 I /N as a function of frequency offset (Pulsed CW interference) Of
33、fset (kHz) Minimum I /N ratio (dB) 0 4 1 2.7 2 5 3 17 4 325 456 Rec. ITU-R RS.1881 4 Interference mitigation Software notch filters can be used on the input to ATD sensors for removing the effects of interfering VLF radio transmissions. In cases where notch filtering can be deployed on ATD sensors,
34、the I/N values as shown in 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 can be modified by the corresponding notch filters resulting attenuation. As indicated in Fig. 3 the software notch filter function has the form: 1 exp(f/w)2) where: f0:nominal frequency of the notch f: displacement of the frequency f from f0w: its half-ban
35、dwidth. NOTE 1 Notch filtering can only be deployed at frequency separations more than twice the notch filter bandwidth from ATD measurement centre frequency as in such cases the reduction in wanted signal amplitude is minimal. Additionally notch filtering cannot be deployed for interferer bandwidths greater than 1 kHz. FIGURE 3 Notch filter function Notch filter function: 1 exp ( / ) )f w 2Multiplicationfunction = f f0 (kHz)f00.20.40.60.81-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3Example:Notch filter width w = 0.1 kHzw1/e
