1、 Recommendation ITU-R RS.515-5(08/2012)Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive remote sensingRS SeriesRemote sensing systemsii Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-freq
2、uency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocom
3、munication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of pat
4、ent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendation
5、s (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and relat
6、ed satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Ti
7、me signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2012 ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
8、by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.515-5*Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive remote sensing (1978-1990-1994-1997-2003-2012) Scope This Recommendation provides information on the frequency bands and bandwidth
9、s used for satellite passive remote sensing of the Earth and its atmosphere for microwave passive sensors. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that environmental data relating to the Earth is of increasing importance; b) that passive microwave sensors are used in remote sensing by Ea
10、rth exploration and meteorological satellites in certain frequency bands allocated for such use in the Radio Regulations (RR); c) that some of these bands are also allocated to other radiocommunication services; d) that protection from interference on certain frequencies is essential for passive sen
11、sing measurements and applications; e) that for measurements of known spectral lines, certain bands at specific frequencies are of particular importance; f) that, for other types of passive sensor measurements, a certain number of frequency bands are in use, the exact positions of which in the spect
12、rum are not of critical importance as long as the centre frequencies are more or less uniformly distributed in the spectrum; g) that due to the continuous technological and scientific development in the bands from 275 GHz to 3 000 GHz, the requirements for passive sensing must be periodically review
13、ed; h) that three main categories of passive sensors can be identified for the use of the bands from 275 GHz to 3 000 GHz: 1) three-dimensional vertical atmosphere sounders requiring very high data reliability and medium resolution over multiple channels; 2) imaging radiometers requiring high data r
14、eliability, medium resolution, integration over relatively large bandwidth single channels; and 3) atmospheric limb sounders requiring medium data reliability at very high resolution over many small bandwidth channels; j) that any performance requirement has to be based on known scientific requireme
15、nts for the measurement; the data resolution and availability levels must therefore be scientifically meaningful with respect to the applications for which they are used (e.g. forecasting, surface observations and climate monitoring), *Radiocommunication Study Group 7 made editorial amendments to th
16、is Recommendation in 2010 in accordance with Resolution ITU-R 1. 2 Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 noting a) that, due to the large number of spectral lines of interest for Earth observations within the 1 000-3 000 GHz region, it would be impractical to define individual bands suitable for passive remote sensin
17、g for this range; b) that the atmosphere in the 1 000-3 000 GHz range is so opaque to any emission that only limb-sounding observations from the top of the atmosphere are practical; c) that, due to the opaqueness of the atmosphere in the 1 000-3 000 GHz range, adequate protection for passive remote
18、sensing operations is essentially guaranteed and frequency sharing is feasible with any terrestrial radiocommunication service, recommends 1 that, based on Annexes 1 and 2, the frequency bands and the associated bandwidths for passive sensing of properties of the Earths land, oceans and atmosphere i
19、n bands below 275 GHz shown in Table 1 and in bands between 275 and 1 000 GHz shown in Table 2 should be used for satellite passive remote sensing; 2 that the co-frequency use of the frequency range 1 000-3 000 GHz by passive microwave remote sensing systems and systems of any terrestrial radiocommu
20、nication service should be feasible. TABLE 1 Frequency bands for satellite passive remote sensing below 275 GHz Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (MHz) Spectral line(s) or centre frequency (GHz) Measurement (meteorology-climatology, chemistry) (see Table 3) Typical scan modeN, C, L(1)
21、 1.37-1.427 57 1.4 Soil moisture, ocean salinity, sea surface temperature, vegetation index N, C 2.64-2.7 60 2.67 Ocean salinity, soil moisture, vegetation index N 4.2-4.4 200 4.3 Sea surface temperature N, C 6.425-7.25 350(4) 6.85 Sea surface temperature N, C 10.6-10.7 100 10.65 Rain rate, snow wat
22、er content, ice morphology, sea state, ocean wind speed N, C 15.2-15.4 200 15.3 Water vapour, rain rate N, C 18.6-18.8 200 18.7 Rain rates, sea state, sea ice, water vapour, ocean wind speed, soil emissivity and humidity N, C 21.2-21.4 200 21.3 Water vapour, liquid water N 22.21-22.5 290 22.235 Wate
23、r vapour, liquid water N 23.6-24 400 23.8 Water vapour, liquid water, associated channel for atmospheric sounding N, C Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 3 TABLE 1 (continued) Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (MHz) Spectral line(s) or centre frequency (GHz) Measurement (meteorology-climatology, che
24、mistry) (see Table 3) Typical scan modeN, C, L(1) 31.3-31.8 500 31.4 Sea ice, water vapour, oil spills, clouds, liquid water, surface temperature, reference window for 50-60 GHz range N, C 36-37 1 000 36.5 Rain rates, snow, sea ice, clouds N, C 50.2-50.4 200 50.3 Reference window for atmospheric tem
25、perature profiling (surface temperature) N, C 52.6-59.3 6 700(2)Several between 52.6-59.3 Atmospheric temperature profiling (O2 absorption lines) N, C 86-92 6 000 89 Clouds, oil spills, ice, snow, rain, reference window for temperature soundings near 118 GHz N, C 100-102 2 000 100.49 N2O, NO L 109.5
26、-111.8 2 300 110.8 O3L 114.25-116 1 750 115.27 CO L 115.25-122.25 7 000(2)118.75 Atmospheric temperature profiling (O2absorption line) N, L 148.5-151.5 3 000 150.74 N2O, Earth surface temperature, cloud parameters, reference window for temperature soundings N, L 155.5-158.5(3)3 000 157 Earth and clo
27、ud parameters N, C 164-167 3 000(2)164.38, 167.2 N2O, cloud water and ice, rain, CO, ClO N, C, L 174.8-191.8 17 000(2)175.86, 177.26, 183.31, 184.75 N2O, Water vapour profiling, O3N, C, L 200-209 9 000(2)200.98, 203.4, 204.35, 206.13, 208.64 N2O, ClO, water vapour, O3L 226-231.5 5 500 226.09, 230.54
28、, 231.28 Clouds, humidity, N2O (226.09 GHz), CO (230.54 GHz), O3(231.28 GHz), reference window N, L 4 Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 TABLE 1 (end) Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (MHz) Spectral line(s) or centre frequency (GHz) Measurement (meteorology-climatology, chemistry) (see Table 3) Typ
29、ical scan modeN, C, L(1) 235-238 3 000 235.71, 237.15 O3L 250-252 2 000 251.21 N2O L (1)N: Nadir, Nadir scan modes concentrate on sounding or viewing the Earths surface at angles of nearly perpendicular incidence. The scan terminates at the surface or at various levels in the atmosphere according to
30、 the weighting functions. L: Limb, Limb scan modes view the atmosphere “on edge” and terminate in space rather than at the surface, and accordingly are weighted zero at the surface and maximum at the tangent point height. C: Conical, Conical scan modes view the Earths surface by rotating the antenna
31、 at an offset angle from the nadir direction. (2)This bandwidth is occupied by multiple channels. (3)This band is needed until 2018 to accommodate existing and planned sensors. (4)This bandwidth is the required sensor bandwidth within the frequency range given in Column 1. TABLE 2 Frequency bands fo
32、r satellite passive remote sensing between 275 and 1 000 GHz Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (MHz) Spectral line(s)(GHz) (see Table 3) Measurement Typicalscan mode N, C, L(1)Meteorology-climatology Window (GHz) Chemistry 275-285.4 10 400 276.33 (N2O), 278.6 (ClO) 276.4-285.4 N2O, Cl
33、O L 296-306 10 000 Window for 325.1, 298.5, (HNO3), 300.22 (HOCl), 301.44 (N2O), 303.57 (O3), 304.5 (O17O), 305.2 (HNO3) Wing channel for temperature sounding 296-306 OXYGEN, HNO3, HOCl, N2O, O3, O17O, N, L Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 5 TABLE 2 (continued) Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (M
34、Hz) Spectral line(s)(GHz) (see Table 3) Measurement Typicalscan mode N, C, L(1)Meteorology-climatology Window (GHz) Chemistry 313.5-355.6 42 100 313.8 (HDO), 315.8, 346.9, 344.5, 352.9 (ClO), 318.8, 345.8, 344.5 (HNO3), 321.15, 325.15 (H2O), 321, 345.5, 352.3, 352.6, 352.8 (O3), 322.8, 343.4 (HOCl),
35、 345.0, 345.4 (CH3Cl), 345.0 (O18O), 345.8 (CO), 346 (BrO), 349.4 (CH3CN), 351.67 (N2O), 354.5 (HCN) Water vapour profiling, cloud, Wing channel for temperature sounding 339.5-348.5HDO, ClO, HNO3, H2O, O3, HOCl, CH3Cl, O18O, CO, BrO, CH3CN, N2O, HCN N, C, L 361.2-365 3 800 364.32 (O3) Wing channel f
36、or water vapour profiling O3 N, L 369.2-391.2 22 000 380.2 (H2O) Water vapour profiling H2O N, L 397.2-399.2 2 000 Water vapour profiling N, L 409-411 2 000 Temperature sounding L 416-433.46 17 460 424.7 (O2) Oxygen, temperature profiling O2N, L 439.1-466.3 27 200 442 (HNO3), 443.1, 448 (H2O), 443.2
37、 (O3), 452.09 (N2O), 461.04 (CO) Water vapour profiling, cloud 458.5-466.3HNO3, H2O, O3, N2O, CO N, L, C 477.75-496.75 19 000 487.25 (O2) Oxygen, temperature profiling O2L 6 Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 TABLE 2 (continued) Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (MHz) Spectral line(s)(GHz) (see Tabl
38、e 3) Measurement Typicalscan mode N, C, L(1)Meteorology-climatology Window (GHz) Chemistry 497-502 5 000 497.6, 497.9 (BrO), 497.9 (N218O), 498.6 (O3) Wing channel for water vapour profiling 498-502 BrO, N218O, O3L, N 523-527 4 000 Window for 556.9 Wing channel for water vapour profiling 523-527 N 5
39、38-581 43 000 541.26, 542.35, 550.90, 556.98 (HNO3), 544.99, 566.29, 571.0 (O3), 556.93 (H2O), 575.4 (ClO) Water vapour profiling 538-542 HNO3, O3, H2O, ClO N, L 611.7-629.7 18 000 620.7 (H2O), 624.27 (ClO2), 624.34, 624.89, 625.84, 626.17 (SO2), 624.48, 624.78 (HNO3), 624.77 (81BrO), 624.8 (CH3CN),
40、 624.98 (H37Cl), 625.04 (H2O2), 625.07, 628.46 (HOCl), 625.37 (O3), 625.66 (HO2), 625.92 (H35Cl), 627.18 (CH3Cl), 627.77 (O18O) Water vapour profiling, oxygen OXYGEN, H2O, ClO2, SO2, HNO3, BrO, CH3CN, (H37Cl), H2O2, HOCl, O3, HO2,H35Cl, CH3Cl, O18O L 634-654 20 000 635.87 (HOCl), 647.1 (H218O), 649.
41、24 (SO2), 649.45 (ClO), 649.7 (HO2), 650.18 (81BrO), 650.28 (HNO3), 650.73 (O3), 651.77 (NO), 652.83 (N2O) Wing channel for water vapour profiling 634.8-651 HOCl, H218O, SO2,ClO, HO2, BrO, HNO3, O3, NO, N2O L, N Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 7 TABLE 2 (end) Frequency band(s) (GHz) Total bandwidth required (MH
42、z) Spectral line(s)(GHz) (see Table 3) Measurement Typicalscan mode N, C, L(1)Meteorology-climatology Window (GHz) Chemistry 656.9-692 35 100 658 (H2O), 660.49 (HO2), 687.7 (ClO), 688.5 (CH3Cl), 691.47 (CO) Water vapour profiling, cloud 676.5-689.5H2O, HO2, ClO, CH3Cl, CO L, N, C 713.4-717.4 4 000 7
43、15.4 (O2) Oxygen O2L 729-733 4 000 731 (HNO3), 731.18 (O18O) Oxygen HNO3, O18O L 750-754 4 000 752 (H2O) Water H2O L 771.8-775.8 4 000 773.8 (O2) Oxygen O2L 823.15-845.15 22 000 834.15 (O2) Oxygen O2N, C, L 850-854 4 000 852 (NO) NO L 857.9-861.9 4 000 859.9 (H2O) Water H2O L 866-882 16 000 Cloud, w
44、indow N, C 905.17-927.17 22 000 916.17 (H2O) Water H2O N, L 951-956 5 000 952 (NO), 955 (O18O) Oxygen NO, O18O L 968.31-972.31 4 000 970.3 (H2O) Water H2O L 985.9-989.9 4 000 987.9 (H2O) Water H2O L (1)N: Nadir, Nadir scan modes concentrate on sounding or viewing the Earths surface at angles of near
45、ly perpendicular incidence. The scan terminates at the surface or at various levels in the atmosphere according to the weighting functions. L: Limb, Limb scan modes view the atmosphere “on edge” and terminate in space rather than at the surface, and accordingly are weighted zero at the surface and m
46、aximum at the tangent point height. C: Conical, Conical scan modes view the Earths surface by rotating the antenna at an offset angle from the nadir direction. TABLE 3 Main molecules for passive remote sensing below 1 000 GHz Molecule Chemical name Molecule Chemical name Molecule Chemical name BrO B
47、romine monoxide CH3Cl Methyl chloride CH3CN Acetonitrile ClO Chlorine monoxide ClO2Chlorine dioxide CO Carbon monoxide H35Cl Hydrogen chloride HCN Hydrogen cyanide HDO Deuterium protium oxide HNO3Nitric acid H2O Water H218O HO2Hydroperoxyl H2O2Hydrogen peroxide HOCl Hypochlorous acid NO Nitric oxide
48、 N2O Nitrous oxide O3Ozone 8 Rec. ITU-R RS.515-5 Annex 1 Selection of frequencies for satellite passive sensing 1 Introduction Energy at microwave frequencies is emitted and absorbed by the surface of the Earth and by the atmosphere above the surface. The transmission properties of the absorbing atm
49、osphere vary as a function of frequency, as shown in Figs. 1a and 1b. These Figures depict calculated one-way zenith (90 elevation angle) attenuation values for oxygen, water vapour and minor constituents. The calculations are for a path between the surface and a satellite. These calculations reveal frequency bands for which the atmosphere is effectively opaque and others for which the atmosphere is nearly transparent. For example, for nadir sounding, the regions or windows that are nearly transparent may be used to sense surface phenomena; the regions that
