1、 Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA.1157-1 Protection criteria for deep-space research (1995-2006) Scope This Recommendation specifies the protection criteria needed to success fully control, command and operate manned and unmanned research satellites in deep space, that is, satellites c
2、onducting their assigned missions in the volume of space more distant from Earth than 2 million km. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that manned deep-space research has unique requirements for extreme reliability of radiocommunications so as to ensure safety of life; b) that both
3、manned and unmanned deep-space research have unique requirements for extreme reliability of radiocommunications so as to ensure successful reception of valuable scientific data collected at particular critical times, and that repeated transmission of these data is often not possible; c) that the ext
4、reme sensitivity of deep-space earth stations results in unusually low levels of permissible interference; d) that protection criteria have been derived as shown in Annex 1 for deep-space research earth stations and for stations in deep-space; e) that interference susceptibility has been derived as
5、shown in Annex 2, recommends 1 that protection criteria for deep-space research earth stations should be established as follows: 222 dB(W/Hz) in bands near 2 GHz, 221 dB(W/Hz) in bands near 8 GHz, 220 dB(W/Hz) in bands near 13 GHz, 217 dB(W/Hz) in bands near 32 GHz; 2 that protection criteria for st
6、ations on spacecraft in deep-space should be established as follows: 193 dB(W/20 Hz) in bands near 2 GHz, 190 dB(W/20 Hz) in bands near 7 GHz, 186 dB(W/20 Hz) in bands near 17 GHz, 183 dB(W/20 Hz) in bands near 34 GHz; 3 that calculation of interference that may result from atmospheric and precipita
7、tion effects should be based on weather statistics that apply for 0.001% of the time (see 2.3 of Annex 1). 2 Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 Annex 1 Protection criteria for deep-space research 1 Introduction This Annex establishes protection criteria for deep-space research. These criteria may be used in calcu
8、lations of coordination distance and for other analysis. The protection criteria are also relevant to studies of sharing within the space research service. Potential interference with other services is considered and conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of sharing. Future relay satellites for
9、 use in deep-space missions are not considered in this Annex. The protection criteria are based on the susceptibility of receivers typically used for deep-space research, as described in Annex 2. 1.1 Interference effects and consequences The consequence of interference that impairs the proper functi
10、oning of an earth-station or space-station receiver can be a reduction or interruption in the ability to navigate and control a spacecraft, and in the ability to receive scientific and engineering data sent by a spacecraft. The receiver contains several synchronization loops, each of which locks to,
11、 and tracks, a particular signal component. With sufficiently strong interference, one or more of the several loops will lose lock on the desired signal. Momentary interference can also cause this unlocking and it may take several minutes in the case of the weakest signals to regain lock. During the
12、 critical periods that occur during most deep-space missions, it is essential to transmit and receive scientific data without error or interruption. Loss of lock during these periods results in irretrievable data loss. It is this characteristic that leads to such severe requirements for protection f
13、rom interference. In contrast, the data communicated by some other radio services are often available for retransmission. For some modes of operation, the loop bandwidths are unusually narrow. A particular example is the carrier tracking loop in the earth-station receiver. This bandwidth may be as n
14、arrow as 1 Hz, and in special circumstances less (300 MHz). It might be concluded that it would be unlikely that an interfering signal would lie exactly within that bandwidth, but it must be remembered that the frequency of the desired signal is Doppler shifted as a result of Earth rotation. For exa
15、mple, an 8.4 GHz signal will be shifted 11 kHz when received by an earth station located at a latitude of 35. An interfering signal with a fixed frequency that is anywhere within the Doppler-shifted range of the deep-space signal will sweep through the carrier tracking loop bandwidth, and unlocking
16、can result. In addition, interference does not have to be exactly within the loop bandwidth in order to affect the loop. As long as the interference frequency is near the loop bandwidth, and has sufficient power, severe degradation is possible. Interference that is remote from the loop bandwidth can
17、 also cause degradation through other mechanisms, such as maser saturation. 1.2 Development of protection criteria To ensure the proper operation of the entire receiving system, each of the four subsystems must be protected against interference. A protection criterion specifies the amount of interfe
18、rence power that will result in a maximum acceptable degradation of performance. The maximum acceptable degradation for each subsystem is given in Table 1. Using these values, the corresponding maximum allowable interference may be determined. Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 3 In the following sections of this
19、 Annex, protection criteria are developed. For each of the several receiver subsystems, there is a maximum acceptable performance degradation as caused by interference. The amount of interference that can cause such degradation is presented in Annex 2. The receiver subsystem that is most sensitive t
20、o interference determines the maximum allowable interference. This amount is the protection criterion for the receiver. Greater interference is harmful. TABLE 1 Maximum acceptable degradation of receiving subsystems Receiving subsystem Maximum acceptable degradation Maser pre-amplifier 1 dB gain com
21、pression Carrier tracking 10 loop static phase error or peak phase jitter Telemetry 1 dB equivalent reduction in symbol energy to noise spectral density ratio (E/N0= 1 dB) Ranging 1 dB equivalent reduction in symbol energy to noise spectral density ratio (E/N0= 1 dB) 2 Protection criteria for deep-s
22、pace earth stations There are four receiver subsystems that are sensitive to interference: maser pre-amplifier, carrier tracking loop, telemetering subsystem and ranging subsystem. 2.1 Maximum acceptable performance degradation The gain of a maser pre-amplifier is reduced as a function of the input
23、power for very strong signals or interference. This gain compression results in non-linear operation. Strong interference can thus produce non-linear effects on the desired signal, including generation of spurious signals. The maximum acceptable gain compression is considered to be 1 dB. The use of
24、gain compression as a measure of non-linear effects is common practice. The response of the carrier tracking loop to interference is an increase in phase error and jitter. Sufficiently strong interference can cause loss of lock. The maximum acceptable degradation is considered to be a 10 increase in
25、 static phase error or a 10 increase in peak phase jitter. The degradation of telemetry bit error performance and ranging accuracy as a result of interference can be expressed in terms of a corresponding reduction in signal-to-noise ratio. The maximum acceptable degradation for the telemetry and ran
26、ging subsystems corresponds to a 1 dB reduction in the symbol energy-to-noise spectral density ratio. The maximum allowable interference for each receiver subsystem is derived from the corresponding maximum acceptable degradation. The protection criterion for the entire receiver is the maximum allow
27、able interference for the most sensitive subsystem. Table 1 summarizes the maximum acceptable performance degradation for each of the four receiver subsystems. 4 Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 2.2 Interference levels corresponding to maximum acceptable performance degradation 2.2.1 Maser pre-amplifier Table 2
28、 shows the interference power that causes a 1 dB gain compression in the maser pre-amplifier. The data source is found in Annex 2. TABLE 2 Maximum allowable interference power for 1 dB gain compression in maser pre-amplifier, 8.4 GHz Interference type Data source Interference for 1 dB gain compressi
29、on Continuous wave (CW) Fig. 2 114 dBW Noise (40 MHz bandwidth) Fig. 2 190 dB(W/Hz) 2.2.2 Carrier tracking, telemetry and ranging subsystems 2.2.2.1 Interference ratios for carrier tracking, telemetry and ranging Table 3 shows the interference-to-carrier ratio (I/C) interference-to-signal ratio (I/S
30、) or interference-to-noise ratio (I/N) that corresponds to the acceptable degradation of the carrier tracking, telemetry and ranging subsystems. The ratios are found as follows: For CW interference, the allowable interference ratio for each subsystem may be found directly from curves given in Annex
31、2. For noise-like interference to the carrier tracking loop, Fig. 8 shows that a reduction in carrier margin from 10 dB (the typical minimum operating point) to 5.5 dB results in an additional 10 of phase jitter. The corresponding I/N ratio is given by: I0/N0= 10 log (10(CM0/10)/10(CMi/10)1) dB wher
32、e: I0/N0: ratio of interference noise spectral density to receiver noise spectral density CM0 : carrier margin (dB) without interference CMi: carrier margin (dB) with interference. and carrier margin is the ratio of carrier-power-to-noise-power in the carrier tracking loop. For noise-like interferen
33、ce to the telemetry and ranging subsystems, the allowable I/N is given by: I0 /N0= 10 log (10(E/N0) / 10 1) dB where: I0/N0 : ratio of interference noise spectral density to receiver noise spectral density E/N0 : criterion given in Table 1 and the reduction in equivalent symbol energy-to-noise spect
34、ral density ratio or signal-to-noise ratio. Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 5 TABLE 3 Maximum allowable I/C, I/S or I/N for CW and noise-like interference Subsystem (criterion) Interference type Data source Maximum interference ratio CW Fig. 3 I/C = 15 dB Carrier tracking (10 added peak phase jitter) Noise-lik
35、e Fig. 8 and calculation I0/N0= +2.6 dB Telemetry (1 dB reduction in E/N0from interference in carrier tracking loop) CW Fig. 5 I/C = 1.5 dB CW Fig. 4 I/S = 11 dB Telemetry (1 dB reduction in E/N0from interference in telemetry detection bandwidth) Noise-like Calculated I0/N0= 5.9 dB Ranging (1 dB red
36、uction in E/N0from interference in carrier tracking loop) CW Fig. 6 I/C = 5 dB CW Fig. 7 I/S = 7.1 dB Ranging (1 dB reduction in E/N0from interference in range estimator bandwidth) Noise-like Calculated I0/N0= 5.9 dB 2.2.2.2 Maximum allowable interference for carrier tracking, telemetry and ranging
37、For CW interference, the maximum allowable interference depends upon the I/C (I/S) and the minimum carrier (signal) level determined by the receiver design point. If it is assumed that the carrier, telemetry and ranging signal powers are equal, Table 3 shows that the maximum allowable CW interferenc
38、e is dictated by the carrier tracking loop because it requires the smallest I/C. For carrier tracking, the minimum carrier-to-noise ratio is 10 dB. The corresponding maximum allowable interference power for noise-like interference is: Pi= N0+ 10 log B + 10 + I/C where: Pi : maximum allowable interfe
39、rence power for carrier tracking (dBW) N0 : receiver noise spectral density, given in Table 4 (dB(W/Hz) B : carrier tracking loop bandwidth, taken as 1 Hz I/C : interference-to-carrier ratio as given in Table 3 (dB). The results of these calculations are summarized in Table 4. 6 Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1
40、 TABLE 4 Maximum allowable interference power to earth-station receivers Band (GHz) Receiver noise spectral density (dB(W/Hz) Maximum CW interference power (dBW) Maximum noise-like interference power spectral density (dB(W/Hz) 2.29-2.30 8.40-8.45. 12.75-13.25 31.8-32.3 216.6 215.0 214.6 211.4 221.6
41、220.0 219.6 216.4 222.5 220.9 220.5 217.3 2.3 Protection criteria for deep-space earth-station receivers Table 5 gives the maximum allowable interference that will not cause more than the acceptable degradation of earth-station receiver performance. These values are the protection criteria for a dee
42、p-space earth-station receiver at the receiver input terminals: greater interference is harmful. Also shown is the corresponding power spectral flux-density at the aperture of a 70 m diameter reflector antenna. The antenna has approximately 70% area efficiency for the lower bands and 40% at 32 GHz.
43、TABLE 5 Interference protection for deep-space earth-stations Band (GHz) Maximum allowable interference power spectral density (dB(W/Hz) Maximum allowable interference power spectral flux-density (dB(W/m2 Hz) 2.29-2.30 8.40-8.45 12.75-13.25 31.8-32.30 222.5 220.9 220.5 217.3 257.0 255.1 254.3 249.3
44、To protect earth-station receivers, the power spectral density of noise-like interference, or the total power of CW interference, should not be greater than the amount shown in Table 5. To obtain the coordination area surrounding an earth station, propagation due to fluctuating weather conditions mu
45、st be considered. To limit service outage due to enhanced trans-horizon propagation to less than 5 min during any day of the year, it is necessary to allow for propagation during the worst weather hour in the year and the worst 5 min within that hour. This condition is taken as 0.001% of the time. A
46、ppendix 7 to the ITU Radio Regulations shows application of the 0.001% weather condition leads to a slightly increased coordination distance compared to that necessary for a service able to tolerate greater service outage. 3 Protection criteria for space stations in deep space Space station and eart
47、h-station receivers for deep-space research function in a similar manner, except that the space station does not include a maser. Space stations are susceptible to interference in ways similar to those described earlier for earth stations. Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 7 The criterion for protection of deep-
48、space station receivers is that interference power must be no stronger than receiver noise power. Compared to deep-space earth station criteria, this is less severe and is a consequence of generally larger performance margins on the Earth-to-space link. For protection of stations on spacecraft in de
49、ep space, the power spectral density of wideband interference, or the total power of CW interference in any 20 Hz band should be no larger than the amount shown in Table 6, at the receiver input terminals: greater interference is harmful. The 20 Hz bandwidth specification is the carrier tracking loop bandwidth of the spacecraft transponder operated with threshold signal strength. The values of noise temperature shown in Table 6 are estimates of currently practical systems that could be used in deep space. TABLE 6
