1、 Recommendation ITU-R SM.1046-3 (09/2017) Definition of spectrum use and efficiency of a radio system SM Series Spectrum management ii Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spe
2、ctrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunicatio
3、n Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent state
4、ments and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also a
5、vailable online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satell
6、ite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signal
7、s and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2017 ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any me
8、ans whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Annex 1 General criteria for the evaluation of spectrum utilization factor and spectrum efficiency 3 1 Spectrum utilization factor . 3 2 Spectrum utilization efficiency (SUE) . 4 3 Relative spectrum ef
9、ficiency (RSE) . 5 4 Comparison of spectrum efficiencies . 6 Annex 2 Examples of spectrum use by different services 6 1 Spectrum use by land mobile radio systems . 6 1.1 Spectrum efficiency of an indoor pico-cellular radio system . 6 1.1.1 Pico-cellular system covering a building . 6 1.1.2 Pico-cell
10、ular system covering a down-town area. 7 1.2 RSE of land mobile radio systems 8 1.3 SUE of land mobile radio systems 9 1.3.1 Calculation of the occupied and denied spectrum index 11 1.3.2 Results 12 1.4 SUE of land mobile radio systems (measurement-based method) . 15 1.5 SUE of land mobile radio sys
11、tems (alternative method) 15 1.5.1 Introduction 15 1.5.2 Definition of useful effect 16 1.5.3 Definition of spectrum utilization factor 16 1.5.4 Calculating spectrum utilization efficiency . 17 1.5.5 Spectrum Setting Density (an alternative method for the spectrum utilization factor calculation) . 1
12、7 1.5.6 Spectrum utilization status . 19 2 Spectrum use by radio-relay systems . 20 2.1 Introduction . 20 2.2 SUE for a long artery with branching links at the nodes 21 iv Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 Page 2.3 SUE in randomly arranged radio-relay links 22 2.3.1 Formulation 22 2.3.2 Application: spectrum eff
13、iciency in 2 GHz band radio-relay systems24 2.3.3 SUE in a random mesh network 26 2.4 Assessing spectrum conserving properties of new technology for digital radio-relay systems . 29 2.4.1 Introduction 29 2.4.2 Antennas . 30 2.4.3 Modulation . 32 2.4.4 Signal processing . 35 2.4.5 Error correction/co
14、ding 35 2.4.6 Adaptive/transversal equalizers . 36 2.4.7 Error correction/coding and adaptive equalizers 37 2.4.8 Summary 37 2.5 RSE of single-hop rural radio-relay links . 38 2.6 Spectrum use by point-to-point (p-p) systems 38 2.6.1 Introduction 38 2.6.2 Definition of useful effect for a p-p system
15、 . 39 2.6.3 Definition of spectrum utilization factor for p-p systems 40 2.6.4 Calculating SUE for p-p systems . 42 3 Spectrum utilization by television and audio broadcasting systems 46 3.1 Introduction . 46 3.2 Definition of useful effect for a television broadcasting system 46 3.3 Definition of s
16、pectrum utilization factor for TV broadcasting systems . 48 3.4 Calculating SUE for TV broadcasting systems 49 3.5 Remarks on the assessment of SUE for sound broadcasting systems 49 Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.1046-3 Definition of spectrum use and efficiency of a radio system (199
17、4-1997-2006-2017) Scope This Recommendation defines the spectrum use and efficiency of a radio system by theoretical and measurement models. Keywords Radiocommunication, spectrum efficiency, spectrum utilization Abbreviations/Glossary AM-SSB Amplitude modulation single-side band BER Bit error ratio
18、C/N Carrier to noise CHR Conical horn reflector CSD Carrier spectrum density EMC Electro magnetic compatibility FEC Forward error correction FM Frequency modulation MTES Most theoretically efficient system OCR Off channel rejection P-P Point to point PSK Phase-shift keying PCM Pulse-code modulation
19、QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation RSE Relative spectrum efficiency SHD Shrouded dish SSD Spectrum setting density STD Standard-dish SUE Spectrum utilization efficiency TIA Telecommunications Industry Association, USA UHF Ultra high frequency VHF Very high frequency 2 Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 Related I
20、TU Recommendations, Reports Recommendation ITU-R F.699 Reference radiation patterns for fixed wireless system antennas for use in coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 100 MHz to about 70 GHz Recommendation ITU-R P.530 Propagation data and prediction methods re
21、quired for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems Recommendation ITU-R SM.1047 National spectrum management Recommendation ITU-R SM.1880 Spectrum occupancy measurement and evaluation Report ITU-R SM.2015 Methods for determining national long-term strategies for spectrum utilization Report I
22、TU-R SM.2256 Spectrum occupancy measurements and evaluation NOTE In every case the latest edition of the Recommendation/Report in force should be used. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the spectrum is a limited natural resource of great economic and social value; b) that dema
23、nd for use of the spectrum is increasing rapidly; c) that a number of different factors, such as the use of different frequency bands for particular radio services, relevant spectrum management methods for networks in those services, the technical characteristics of transmitters, receivers and anten
24、nas used in the services, etc., significantly influence spectrum use and efficiency and through their optimization, particularly in respect of new or improved technologies, significant economies of spectrum can be achieved; d) that there is a need for defining the degree and efficiency of spectrum u
25、se, as a tool for comparison and analysis for assessing the gains achieved with new or improved technologies, particularly by administrations in the national long-term planning of spectrum utilization and the development of radiocommunications; e) that comparison of spectrum efficiency between actua
26、l radio systems would be very useful, when developing new or improved technologies and assessing performance of existing systems, recommends 1 that, as a basic concept, the composite bandwidth-space-time domain should be used as a measure of spectrum utilization the “spectrum utilization factor”, as
27、 illustrated in Annex 1 for transmitting and receiving radio equipment; 2 that the basis for calculating spectrum utilization efficiency (SUE), or spectrum efficiency in short, should be the determination of the useful effect obtained by the radio systems through the utilization of the spectrum and
28、the spectrum utilization factor, as illustrated in Annex 1. Some examples of how to use this concept may be found in Annex 2; 3 that the basic concept of relative spectrum efficiency as outlined in Annex 1 should be used to compare spectrum efficiencies between radio systems; 4 that any comparison o
29、f spectrum efficiencies should be performed only between similar types of radio systems providing identical radiocommunication services as explained in 4 of Annex 1; 5 that in determining the spectrum efficiency, the interactions of various radio systems and networks within a particular electromagne
30、tic environment should be considered. Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 3 Annexes 1 and 2 provide the theoretical model (U), measurement model (U) and examples of spectrum use by different services. Annex 1 General criteria for the evaluation of spectrum utilization factor and spectrum efficiency 1 Spectrum util
31、ization factor Efficient use of spectrum is achieved by (among other things) the isolation obtained from antenna directivity, geographical spacing, frequency sharing, or orthogonal frequency use and time-sharing or time division and these considerations reflected in definition of spectrum utilizatio
32、n. Therefore, the measure of spectrum utilization spectrum utilization factor, U, is defined to be the product of the frequency bandwidth, the geometric (geographic) space, and the time denied to other potential users: UB S T (1) where: B : frequency bandwidth S : geometric space (usually area) T :
33、time. The geometric space of interest may also be a volume, a line (e.g. the geostationary orbit), or an angular sector around a point. The amount of space denied depends on the spectral power density. For many applications, the dimension of time can be ignored, because the service operates continuo
34、usly. But in some services, for example, broadcast and single channel mobile, the time factor is important to sharing and all three factors should be considered simultaneously, and optimized. The measure of spectrum may be computed by multiplication of a bandwidth bounding the emission (e.g. occupie
35、d bandwidth) and its interference area, or may take into account the actual shape of the power spectrum density of the emission and the antenna radiation characteristics. Traditionally, radio transmitters have been considered the users of the spectrum resource. They use the spectrum-space by filling
36、 some portion of it with radio power so much power that receivers of other systems cannot operate in certain locations, times and frequencies because of unacceptable interference. Notice that the transmitter denies the space to receivers only. The mere fact that the space contains power in no way pr
37、events another transmitter from emitting power into the same location; that is, the transmitter does not deny operation of another transmitter. Receivers use spectrum-space because they deny it to transmitters. The mere physical operation of the receiver interferes with no one (except as it inadvert
38、ently acts as a transmitter or power source). Even then the space used physically is relatively small. However, the authorities deny licenses to transmitters in an attempt to guarantee interference-free reception. The protection may be in space (separation distance, coordination distance), in freque
39、ncy (guardbands) or even in time (in the United States of America, some MF broadcasting stations are limited to daylight operation). This denial 4 Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 constitutes “use” of the space by the receiver. The radio astronomy bands are a familiar example of the recognition of receiver use
40、of the spectrum space. One way to incorporate these facts into a unit of measure of spectrum space is to partition the resource into two spaces the transmitter space and receiver space and define dual units to measure the usage of each space. Where simplicity is most important, the two units can be
41、recombined into a single measure for system use. Further information concerning the general approach to calculate the spectrum utilization factor may be found in Chapter 8 of the National Spectrum Management Handbook (Geneva, 2005). 2 Spectrum utilization efficiency (SUE) According to the definition
42、 of SUE (or spectrum efficiency as a shortened term) of a radiocommunication system, it can be expressed by a complex criterion: SUE M, U M, BST (2) where: M: useful effect obtained with the aid of the communication system in question U: spectrum utilization factor for that system. If necessary, the
43、 complex spectrum efficiency indicator may be reduced to a simple indicator: the ratio of useful effect to spectrum utilization factor: TSB MUMS U E (2) The method for SUE calculation in equations (2) and (2a) is a theoretical approach. When administrations evaluate SUE independently, the useful eff
44、ect obtained with the aid of the communication system (numerator M) is not always available. In such case, it can be replaced by the spectrum utilization factor based on the actual measurement (U): U=BST (2b) where: B: actual measurement result on occupation bandwidth (or regional statistics) S: act
45、ual measurement result on coverage area (or regional statistics) T: actual measurement result on operating time (or regional statistics). Radio administrations can obtain the above three parameters through measurement and statistics by their own monitoring facilities. In the case of regional statist
46、ics, e.g. the arithmetic mean of the results of each sub-region can be used. Then SUE can be expressed as: TSB TSBUUSUE (2c) 3 Relative spectrum efficiency (RSE) The concept of relative RSE can be used effectively to compare the spectrum efficiencies of two similar types of radio systems providing t
47、he same service. Rec. ITU-R SM.1046-3 5 RSE is defined as the ratio of two spectrum efficiencies, one of which may be the efficiency of a system used as a standard of comparison. Hence, RSESUEa / SUEstd (3) where: RSE : relative spectrum efficiency ratio of SUEs) SUEstd : SUE of a “standard” system
48、SUEa : SUE of an actual system. The likely candidates for a standard system are: the most theoretically efficient system, a system which can be easily defined and understood, a system which is widely used a de facto industry standard. The RSE will be a positive number with values ranging between zer
49、o and infinity. If the standard system is chosen to be the most theoretically efficient system, the RSE will typically range between zero and one. As an example, the most theoretically efficient system may be characterized according to the principles of information theory. The communication capacity of a communication channel on which a subscriber or a listener receives a wanted communication is determined by the relation: C0F0 ln (10) where: F0 : bandwidth of the wanted communica
