1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T D.156TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (10/2008) SERIES D: GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES General tariff principles Charging and accounting in the international telephone service Network externalities Recommendation ITU-T D.156 ITU-T D-SERIES REC
2、OMMENDATIONS GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES TERMS AND DEFINITIONS D.0 GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES Private leased telecommunication facilities D.1D.9 Tariff principles applying to data communication services over dedicated public data networks D.10D.39 Charging and accounting in the international public tel
3、egram service D.40D.44 Charging and accounting in the international telemessage service D.45D.49 Principles applicable to GII-Internet D.50D.59 Charging and accounting in the international telex service D.60D.69 Charging and accounting in the international facsimile service D.70D.75 Charging and acc
4、ounting in the international videotex service D.76D.79 Charging and accounting in the international phototelegraph service D.80D.89 Charging and accounting in the mobile services D.90D.99 Charging and accounting in the international telephone service D.100D.159 Drawing up and exchange of internation
5、al telephone and telex accounts D.160D.179 International sound- and television-programme transmissions D.180D.184 Charging and accounting for international satellite services D.185D.189 Transmission of monthly international accounting information D.190D.191 Service and privilege telecommunications D
6、.192D.195 Settlement of international telecommunication balances of accounts D.196D.209 Charging and accounting principles for international telecommunication services provided over the ISDN D.210D.269 Charging and accounting principles for next generation networks (NGN) D.270D.279 Charging and acco
7、unting principles for universal personal telecommunication D.280D.284 Charging and accounting principles for intelligent network supported services D.285D.299 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGIONAL APPLICATION Recommendations applicable in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin D.300D.399 Recommendations applicab
8、le in Latin America D.400D.499 Recommendations applicable in Asia and Oceania D.500D.599 Recommendations applicable to the African Region D.600D.699 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T D.156 (10/2008) i Recommendation ITU-T D.156 Network externalities S
9、ummary A network externality relates to the additional effects of a user joining a network which the user does not take into account. A user joins a network to obtain a benefit from making and receiving calls and derives a benefit from being part of the communications network. This benefit derives f
10、rom being able to communicate with other users and increases with the number of users connected to the network: the bigger the network, the more beneficial it is to both existing and potential users. Hence, a users decision to join a network benefits both them and other users. This Recommendation pr
11、ovides recommendations related to the payment of network externality premiums. Source Recommendation ITU-T D.156 was approved on 30 October 2008 by ITU-T Study Group 3 (2005-2008) under the WTSA Resolution 1 procedure. ii Rec. ITU-T D.156 (10/2008) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union
12、(ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and
13、issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these
14、 topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expres
15、sion “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure e.g. interoperability or applicabilit
16、y) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Reco
17、mmendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability o
18、f claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this
19、Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatso
20、ever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T D.156 (10/2008) 1 Recommendation ITU-T D.156 Network externalities1Recognizing Resolution 3 (Melbourne, 1988) of the World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference and Resolution 22 (Rev. Antalya, 2006) of the Plenipotentiary Con
21、ference on the apportionment of revenues in providing international telecommunication services, Considering 1. that in accordance with the International Telecommunication Regulations, accounting arrangements shall be established by mutual agreement; 2. the principles established in Recommendations I
22、TU-T D.93 and D.140 in regard to cost-oriented tariffs and the application of accounting rates on a non-discriminatory basis; 3. that telecommunication network externalities are benefits, inter alia, provided to users of networks in developed and developing countries by users of networks with a stro
23、ng potential for extension; 4. that users of networks in developed countries would benefit from the addition of users in developing countries because of increased calling opportunities to users in developed countries; 5. the development potential for telecommunication networks in developing countrie
24、s; 6. that a network externality relates to the additional effects of a user joining a network which the user does not take into account; a user joins a network to obtain a benefit from making and receiving calls and derives a benefit from being part of the communications network; this benefit deriv
25、es from being able to communicate with other users and increases with the number of users connected to the network: the bigger the network, the more beneficial it is to both existing and potential users; hence a users decision to join a network benefits both them and other users; 7. that network ext
26、ernality premiums have been applied in specific circumstances in one country for termination of mobile calls, Recalling 1. the importance of telecommunications/ICT for the social and economic development of all countries; 2. the increasingly marked imbalance that is currently to be seen between the
27、situation of developed countries and that of developing countries in regard to economic growth and technological progress; 3. that, pursuant to Resolution 23 (Nice, 1989) of the Plenipotentiary Conference and as a follow-up to the recommendation made in “The Missing Link“, ITU carried out a study of
28、 the costs of providing and operating international telecommunication services between developing and industrialized countries and concluded that the cost of providing such services was significantly higher in developing countries than in developed countries a situation that continues to prevail; _
29、1The following countries have expressed a reservation and will not apply this Recommendation: Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, UK,
30、USA. In addition, the following countries have expressed a reservation with respect to this Recommendation: Argentina, Australia, Mexico, Paraguay, Thailand, Uruguay. 2 Rec. ITU-T D.156 (10/2008) 4. the recommendation contained in “The Missing Link“ to the effect that Member States should consider a
31、djusting their procedures for charging for international traffic in relations between developing and industrialized countries such as to set aside a small portion of call revenues for purposes of development, Acknowledging 1. that network externalities should be expressed by a premium referred to as
32、 an externality premium which is a non-cost element in addition to the cost elements included in Recommendations ITU-T D.93 and D.140; 2. that the amount of the premium referred to as a network externality premium should be determined having regard to the following elements, amongst others: a) asses
33、sment of the price elasticity of demand and sensitivity of the traffic flow to the network with a strong potential for extension; b) the correlation between the increase in incoming international traffic and the increase in the subscriber base in the developing countries; 3. that the funds made avai
34、lable by the network externality premium should be determined by elements including: a) economic assessment of the additional customers in the country in question (including assessment of income levels and rates of mobile and fixed telecommunication penetration); b) geographical targeting, reduced m
35、onthly charges for certain customers, subsidies for telephone terminals, and tariff schedules tailored to the needs of marginal consumers; c) the cost of the investments for the network extension, Recommends 1. that the developing countries examine whether it would be appropriate for a premium, refe
36、rred to as a network externality premium, to be a non-cost, additional element, on the accounting rate for incoming international traffic from the operators of developed networks to the operators of developing-country networks; 2. that this premium be negotiated on a commercial bilateral basis by th
37、e concerned operators on the basis of the elements referred to in acknowledging 2 and 3 above, taking into account all relevant factors including, but not limited to: traffic level, potential business, immigrants to the developed countries, and languages spoken in the two countries; 3. that this pre
38、mium be paid on the tariff for incoming international traffic from developed countries to developing countries, in other words, that it be a non-cost, additional element on the termination rate/accounting rate; 4. that the funds made available by the network externality premium, be used exclusively
39、for extending networks in developing countries, and for awareness campaigns, including, but not limited to media and advertising costs, taking into account acknowledging 3 above; such costs for awareness campaigns should have a positive effect on the number of customers; 5. that the use of the funds
40、 made available by the network externality premium be monitored by the concerned parties, as mutually agreed, with appropriate oversight by an independent accounting firm, providing that this firm is not the regular auditor for either of the two parties; moreover, this fund may be established in a t
41、hird country for the purposes of neutrality; 6. that further studies be carried out regarding formulas, models and guidelines for determining the actual value of any premium, how it should be collected, shared, distributed, and used, and its impact on the concerned operators. Rec. ITU-T D.156 (10/20
42、08) 3 Appendix I Items for study (This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation) The following items should be studied: 1. The implications of the incorporation of a network externality premium with relation to Recommendations ITU-T, such as D.93 and D.140, relative to the appl
43、ication of cost-oriented tariff principles, establishing whether the said premium constitutes a cost element that should be added to the cost elements included in the said Recommendations ITU-T. 2. The establishment of guidelines to guarantee the actual deposit of the said externality premium and it
44、s application to expansion networks. 3. Clarifying who should receive the funds. 4. Control and collection procedures. 5. The implementation of follow-up to allow the observation of the effects caused by the application of the Recommendation. 6. The definition of parameters enabling to qualify: “dev
45、eloped country“ and “developing country“. 7. Seeking mechanisms to prevent operators in developing countries from funding their original licence obligations with what they receive from applying the externality premium, nor investment projects already contemplated in Universal Service programs provid
46、ed by regulations in the said countries. 8. Seeking mechanisms to prevent the subscribing of discriminatory agreements between telecommunications main companies in developed countries and their subsidiaries in developing countries, and abuses in the calculation of the premium in bilateral agreements
47、. 9. The elaboration of studies at a regional level referred to traffic sensitivity from and to developing countries, with the incorporation of a network externality premium and the assessment of potential subscribers and investments in developing countries. 10. An analysis of the results of the cur
48、rent application of the concept of network externalities. Further items of study can be identified later. Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2009 SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS Series A Organization of the work of ITU-T Series D General tariff principles Series E Overall network operation, telephone se
49、rvice, service operation and human factors Series F Non-telephone telecommunication services Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks Series H Audiovisual and multimedia systems Series I Integrated services digital network Series J Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals Series K Protection against interference Series L Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant Series M Telecommunication management, including TMN
