1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T D.50TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 2(05/2013) SERIES D: GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES General tariff principles Principles applicable to GII-Internet International Internet connection Supplement 2: Guidelines for reducing the costs
2、 of international Internet connectivity Recommendation ITU-T D.50 Supplement 2 ITU-T D-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES TERMS AND DEFINITIONS D.0 GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES Private leased telecommunication facilities D.1D.9 Tariff principles applying to data communication services ove
3、r dedicated public data networks D.10D.39 Charging and accounting in the international public telegram service D.40D.44 Charging and accounting in the international telemessage service D.45D.49 Principles applicable to GII-Internet D.50D.59Charging and accounting in the international telex service D
4、.60D.69 Charging and accounting in the international facsimile service D.70D.75 Charging and accounting in the international videotex service D.76D.79 Charging and accounting in the international phototelegraph service D.80D.89 Charging and accounting in the mobile services D.90D.99 Charging and acc
5、ounting in the international telephone service D.100D.159 Drawing up and exchange of international telephone and telex accounts D.160D.179 International sound- and television-programme transmissions D.180D.184 Charging and accounting for international satellite services D.185D.189 Transmission of mo
6、nthly international accounting information D.190D.191 Service and privilege telecommunications D.192D.195 Settlement of international telecommunication balances of accounts D.196D.209 Charging and accounting principles for international telecommunication services provided over the ISDN D.210D.269 Ch
7、arging and accounting principles for next generation networks (NGN) D.270D.279 Charging and accounting principles for universal personal telecommunication D.280D.284 Charging and accounting principles for intelligent network supported services D.285D.299 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGIONAL APPLICATION Reco
8、mmendations applicable in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin D.300D.399 Recommendations applicable in Latin America D.400D.499 Recommendations applicable in Asia and Oceania D.500D.599 Recommendations applicable to the African Region D.600D.699 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T
9、Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.2 (05/2013) i Recommendation ITU-T D.50 International Internet connection Supplement 2 Guidelines for reducing the costs of international Internet connectivity Summary Supplement 2 to Recommendation ITU-T D.50 proposes guidelines for reducing the cost of intern
10、ational Internet connectivity, including (but not limited to) the establishment of Internet exchange points (IXPs), mirror sites, submarine cable rollout and local content development. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T D.50 2000-10-06 3 1.1 ITU-T D.50 (2000) Amd. 1 2004-0
11、6-04 3 2.0 ITU-T D.50 2008-10-30 3 3.0 ITU-T D.50 2011-04-01 3 3.1 ITU-T D.50 Suppl. 1 2011-04-01 3 3.2 ITU-T D.50 Suppl. 2 2013-05-31 3 ii Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.2 (05/2013) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunic
12、ations, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunicat
13、ions on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure
14、laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunica
15、tion administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory pro
16、visions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to
17、 the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside o
18、f the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest informati
19、on and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.2 (05/2013) iii Table of Co
20、ntents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 3 Ways and means to reduce the cost of international Internet connectivity 1 3.1 Establishment of Internet exchange points (IXPs) . 2 3.2 Development of local services including local hosting and local applications . 3 3.3 Access to landing points
21、 for submarine cables and related issues . 4 3.4 Mirror sites and caches . 5 3.5 Additional infrastructure 5 3.6 Submarine cable build out 6 3.7 Implementation of elements of ITU-T D.50 . 6 4 Results of benchmark studies regarding international Internet connectivity costs. 7 iv Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl
22、.2 (05/2013) Introduction The price of broadband access plays a critical role in terms of broadband diffusion. While broadband is becoming more affordable worldwide, with prices falling everywhere, it nonetheless remains unaffordable in many parts of the developing world. Thus, it is important to fi
23、nd ways and means to reduce the cost of Internet subscriptions. This supplement outlines various measures that can be considered in view of achieving that goal. Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.2 (05/2013) 1 Recommendation ITU-T D.50 International Internet connection Supplement 2 Guidelines for reducing the co
24、sts of international Internet connectivity 1 Scope This supplement proposes guidelines for reducing the cost of international Internet connectivity (IIC), including (but not limited to) the establishment of Internet exchange points (IXPs), mirror sites, submarine cable rollout and local content deve
25、lopment. 2 Abbreviations and acronyms This supplement uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: ccTLD country code Top-Level Domain CDN Content Delivery Network DNS Domain Name System ICT Information and Communication Technology IIC International Internet Connectivity ISP Internet Service Provi
26、der IXP Internet Exchange Point NAP Network Access Point OTT Over-The-Top POP Point of Presence SME Small and Medium Enterprise 3 Ways and means to reduce the cost of international Internet connectivity Several reasons can be cited for the high Internet access tariffs in sub-Saharan Africa, includin
27、g (see clause IV.2 of ITU-T TD261): inadequate investment in telecommunications unfavourable economic market conditions lack of competition in some market segments international Internet connection costs. _ 1 ITU-T SG3 Plen/3, Document TD 26-Plen to SG3 meeting of May 2013. ITU/BDT Study on internat
28、ional Internet connectivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2 Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.2 (05/2013) Because of structural adjustment programmes and the reform of the telecommunications sector, investment in national backbone infrastructures has not been sufficient to serve either suburban or rural areas or to pr
29、ovide innovative and quality services for people living there. However, if reforms are undertaken, markets are liberalized, and the incumbent operator is privatized, then there can be greater incentives for investments in infrastructure (see clause IV.2.1 of ITU-T TD261). Unfavourable market conditi
30、ons include the lack of a local information and communication technology (ICT) production industry, insufficient demand for Internet connections, and limited market size (see clause IV.2.2 of ITU-T TD261). These conditions can be mitigated by incentives for the production of local content and local
31、services, such as e-mail servers, and by promoting the use of country domain names (see clauses V.1.1.1 and V.1.1.3 of ITU-T TD261). Steps should be taken to create a competitive market, in particular by ensuring that incumbent operators do not restrict competition, for example by denying access to
32、the wired local loop or to the international connections (see clauses III.2 and IV.2.3 of ITU-T TD261). 3.1 Establishment of Internet exchange points (IXPs) Internet exchange points (IXPs) have been established successfully in some countries. These allow exchanges of local Internet traffic between t
33、wo Internet service providers within the same country, thereby saving on the use of international bandwidth (see clause V.1.1.2 of ITU-T TD261). IXPs should also be created and efforts should be made to promote traffic exchange at the regional level, as has been the case with the Mombasa regional IX
34、P in Kenya (see clause V.1.1.2 of ITU-T TD261). Regional interconnection of infrastructure must be encouraged in order to facilitate the exchange of Internet traffic locally without using international bandwidth (see clause V.1.1.2 of ITU-T TD261). The more Internet service providers (ISPs) concentr
35、ated in one IXP, the better the economic equation. All the traffic generated by proprietary applications of the ISPs, such as the user mails of each ISP, remain within the IXP traffic, as well as the services each one can offer on the Internet, for example, the webpages hosted by any of the ISPs. Th
36、is reduces international traffic. Also, the joint leasing of bandwidth achieves a considerable reduction of the cost per Megabit (see p.23 of ITU-T TD252). Other effects that result from the creation of network access points (NAPs) are the following (see p.24 of ITU-T TD252): i) An IXP can mirror a
37、domain name system (DNS) root server, thereby reducing search times and the need for international traffic. ii) Implementation and greater use of the national country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in order to increase local content. iii) An IXP can provide content caches. This also reduces access ti
38、mes and the need for international bandwidth. iv) An increase in the geographical area of Internet service provision (improved capillarity). v) A reduction of the cost of bandwidth for the providers; in some cases a very important reduction. vi) An increase in the quality of service provided. _ 2ITU
39、-T SG3 Plen/3, Document TD 25-Plen to SG3 meeting of May 2013. ITU/BDT Study on international Internet connectivity Focus on Internet connectivity in Latin America and the Caribbean Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.2 (05/2013) 3 vii) The possibility of providing broadband to locations which are far from urban
40、centres. viii) The development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in this sector. 3.2 Development of local services including local hosting and local applications Empirical research shows that there is a strong correlation between the development of network infrastructure and the growth of local
41、 content, even after checking for economic and demographic factors (see p.4 of ITU-T TD273). That is, there is a strong correlation between local content, infrastructure development and access prices, but it is the empirical research that is not able to positively determine the direction of causalit
42、y due to data constraints and complex mutual dependencies. What is most likely is that these three elements are connected and feed into each other in a virtuous circle. The interlinkages between the different elements lead to three key lines of policy considerations evolving out of this research: fo
43、stering content development, expanding connectivity and promoting Internet access competition (see p.5 of ITU-T TD273). Local content is growing very fast in volume, often at astonishingly high rates. Further, its composition is changing and local content is no longer dominated by developed countrie
44、s. Various measures show that developing countries are quickly becoming important sources of content and that their share of global content creation is increasing. The growth of local content varies across countries and is tied to enabling factors such as the level of Internet infrastructure develop
45、ment (see p.5 of ITU-T TD273). Creating local content, then recording and distributing it, benefit from a specific set of skills and tools. Governments, especially ministries of education, should evaluate the level of multiple skills, such as ICT skills, knowledge and attitudes which would lead to t
46、he critical mass of competences existing at local level and take appropriate measures to create an enabling learning environment. Key steps include improving basic literacy (e.g., drafting, language, etc.), critical thinking ability, as well as media, information and digital literacy skills. Policy
47、steps to improve ICT, digital, media and information literacy should include both the formal educational system and lifelong learning. Targeted programmes aimed at certain segments of the youth and adult population can also teach necessary skills to members in a community who can then help others to
48、 create, record and disseminate local content (see p.5 of ITU-T TD273). Government should take action regarding the hosting of all webservers with a ccTLD within the country (e.g., the .sn servers should be located in Senegal). In addition to Internet connectivity, ICT equipment such as computers, m
49、obile phones, cameras, scanners and audio/video recorders are important tools for digital content creators. Any trade barriers, taxes or levies that limit the development, production and importation of these devices, or increase their cost, could have a negative effect on local content creation and distribution at the local level (see p.5 of ITU-T TD273). Software is an important component of digital content creation but its cost can mean that it is beyond the reach of many users
