1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T F.747.2TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (06/2012) SERIES F: NON-TELEPHONE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES Audiovisual services Deployment guidelines for ubiquitous sensor network applications and services for mitigating climate change Recommenda
2、tion ITU-T F.747.2 ITU-T F-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS NON-TELEPHONE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES TELEGRAPH SERVICE Operating methods for the international public telegram service F.1F.19 The gentex network F.20F.29 Message switching F.30F.39 The international telemessage service F.40F.58 The international
3、 telex service F.59F.89 Statistics and publications on international telegraph services F.90F.99 Scheduled and leased communication services F.100F.104 Phototelegraph service F.105F.109 MOBILE SERVICE Mobile services and multidestination satellite services F.110F.159 TELEMATIC SERVICES Public facsim
4、ile service F.160F.199 Teletex service F.200F.299 Videotex service F.300F.349 General provisions for telematic services F.350F.399 MESSAGE HANDLING SERVICES F.400F.499 DIRECTORY SERVICES F.500F.549 DOCUMENT COMMUNICATION Document communication F.550F.579 Programming communication interfaces F.580F.5
5、99 DATA TRANSMISSION SERVICES F.600F.699 AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES F.700F.799ISDN SERVICES F.800F.849 UNIVERSAL PERSONAL TELECOMMUNICATION F.850F.899 HUMAN FACTORS F.900F.999 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012) i Recommendation ITU-T F.747.
6、2 Deployment guidelines for ubiquitous sensor network applications and services for mitigating climate change Summary Recommendation ITU-T F.747.2 provides deployment guidelines for ubiquitous sensor network (USN) applications and services for mitigating climate change. History Edition Recommendatio
7、n Approval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T F.747.2 2012-06-29 16 Keywords CC, climate change, GHG, greenhouse gas, USN, ubiquitous sensor network. ii Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunication
8、s, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications
9、on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid
10、down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunicati
11、on administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandat
12、ory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws at
13、tention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or oth
14、ers outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represen
15、t the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012
16、) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 2 6 Overview of climate change monitoring 2 6.1 Global greenhouse gas monitoring network . 2 6.2 Local GHG mo
17、nitoring network 3 7 Analysis of environmental impact by USN applications and services . 3 7.1 Deployment elements of USN 3 7.2 Positive environmental impacts 4 7.3 Negative environmental impacts 7 8 Requirements for deployment of USN applications and services for mitigating climate change 7 8.1 Env
18、ironmentally friendly resources . 7 8.2 Energy efficiency 8 8.3 Operation conditions of GHG sensors 9 Bibliography. 10 Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012) 1 Recommendation ITU-T F.747.2 Deployment guidelines for ubiquitous sensor network applications and services for mitigating climate change 1 Scope This
19、Recommendation provides deployment guidelines for ubiquitous sensor network (USN) applications and services for mitigating climate change. The scope of this Recommendation includes: an overview of climate change monitoring; analysis of environmental impact by USN applications and services; and the r
20、equirements for deployment of USN applications and services for mitigating climate change. Monitoring climate change covers monitoring the status of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as monitoring climate change by tracing temporal changes of GHG emissions. 2 References The following ITU-T Rec
21、ommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are
22、therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a
23、stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T Y.2221 Recommendation ITU-T Y.2221 (2010), Requirements for support of ubiquitous sensor network (USN) applications and services in the NGN environment. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms
24、defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 climate change b-IPCC: Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or long
25、er. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: a change of climat
26、e which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activiti
27、es altering the atmospheric composition, and climate variability attributable to natural causes. 3.1.2 greenhouse gas b-ISO 14064-1: Gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiati
28、on emitted by the Earths surface, the atmosphere and clouds. 2 Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012) 3.1.3 sensor ITU-T Y.2221: An electronic device that senses a physical condition or chemical compound and delivers an electronic signal proportional to the observed characteristic. 3.1.4 sensor network ITU-T
29、Y.2221: A network comprised of interconnected sensor nodes exchanging sensed data by wired or wireless communication. 3.1.5 sensor node ITU-T Y.2221: A device consisting of sensor(s) and optional actuator(s) with capabilities of sensed data processing and networking. 3.1.6 ubiquitous sensor network
30、ITU-T Y.2221: A conceptual network built over existing physical networks which make use of sensed data and provide knowledge services to anyone, anywhere and at any time, and where the information is generated by using context awareness. 3.1.7 USN middleware ITU-T Y.2221: A set of logical functions
31、to support USN applications and services. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: API Application Program Interface CPU Central Processing Unit GAW Global Atmosphere Watch GHG Greenhouse Gas IPCC I
32、ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change RX Receiver TX Transmitter UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USN Ubiquitous Sensor Network 5 Conventions None. 6 Overview of climate change monitoring 6.1 Global greenhouse gas monitoring network Monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) emis
33、sions as well as climate change requires that GHG sensors, sensor nodes and sensor networks are installed nationally and/or globally. A nationwide GHG monitoring network may interwork with a global GHG monitoring network, for example, the one illustrated in Figure 1, which is maintained by the Globa
34、l Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) b-GAW programme. Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012) 3 F.747.2(12)_F01Ground-based Aircraft Ship GHG comparison sitesFigure 1 The WMO-GAW global network for GHG 6.2 Local GHG monitoring network b-IPCC Guidelines defines three
35、 tiers for estimating GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion: The tier 1 method is fuel-based, since emissions from all sources of combustion can be estimated on the basis of the quantities of fuel combusted (usually from national energy statistics) and average emission factors. Tier 1 emission f
36、actors are available for all relevant direct greenhouse gases. The tier 2 method is estimated from similar fuel statistics as used in tier 1, but country-specific emission factors are used in place of the tier 1 defaults. This is because different specific fuels, combustion technologies or even indi
37、vidual plants may produce different country-specific emission factors. The tier 3 method uses either detailed emission models or measurements and data at an individual plant level where appropriate. Properly applied, these models and measurements should provide better estimates, primarily for non-CO
38、2 greenhouse gases, though at the cost of more detailed information and effort. The tier 3 method allows an enterprise to measure real GHG emissions to avoid overestimation that may happen due to the conservativeness principle. In the latter, conservative assumptions, values and procedures are used
39、when data and assumptions are uncertain and the cost of measures to reduce uncertainty is not worth the increase in accuracy. Conservative accounting results for GHG emissions are more likely to be overestimated than underestimated. Enterprises may install a local GHG monitoring network at their pla
40、nt level. 7 Analysis of environmental impact by USN applications and services 7.1 Deployment elements of USN ITU-T Y.2221 defines USN as a conceptual network and an information infrastructure that delivers sensed information and knowledge services to anyone, anywhere and at any time. In USNs, inform
41、ation and knowledge are developed by using context-aware techniques. USN applications and services are established by integration of sensor network services into a network infrastructure. They can be applied to everyday life in an invisible way as everything is virtually linked by pervasive networki
42、ng between users (including machine and human) and sensor nodes, and relayed through intermediate networking entities such as application servers, middleware entities, access network entities, and USN gateways. Integration of the hardware, 4 Rec. ITU-T F.747.2 (06/2012) software, USN applications an
43、d USN services can be used in many civilian application areas such as industrial automation, home automation, agricultural monitoring, healthcare, environment, pollution and disaster surveillance, and security. Figure 2 shows elements of deploying USN applications and services to mitigate climate ch
44、ange. They may cause both positive and negative impacts on the environment. USN applications and services Backbone network Sensor network (wired, wireless) Gateway Sensor node H/W S/W H/W S/W Figure 2 Deployment elements of USN applications and services 7.2 Positive environmental impacts USN is a ke
45、y technology to mitigate climate change by monitoring diverse environmental data and enabling energy consuming sources to be controlled according to the environmental data. Sensor nodes can measure and deliver different types of environmental data, such as, pressure, humidity, temperature, light, ch
46、emicals, strain and tilt, speed and acceleration, magnetic fields, vibrations, motion, metal detection and sound. The sensing parameters are used to trace climate change and to understand climate phenomena. The issues are how to deliver the sensed data and how to manage, present and exploit the data
47、 to derive value-added information for countering climate change. This clause briefly introduces examples of how USNs are applied to mitigate climate change. 7.2.1 Direct climate change monitoring USN applications and services provide direct monitoring for the acquisition of climate data. For exampl
48、e, marine environment monitoring and glacier status monitoring help trace continuous environmental changes. In order to help counter climate change, it is important to monitor the climate to verify if changes to the environment are caused by human influence or natural phenomena. The use of sensor ne
49、tworks to monitor the climate has been researched for decades; this has allowed the development of viable technology and techniques for monitoring climate change. It has been proved with many experiments, that USN-based monitoring systems give valuable data. Marine environment monitoring shown in Figure 3 is an example of direct environment monitoring. The data of the sensor nodes used to monitor the real-time status of the marine and glacier environment are transmitted to the local monitoring and management system
