1、INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-TS TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN LOCAL NETWORKS Geneva 1993 STDaITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 1993 = 48L259L Ob8224b 393 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-TS TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU
2、INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN LOCAL NETWORKS Geneva 1993 ISBN 92-61-0481 1-0 STD-ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 1993 111 48b2571 Ob82247 2ET R O ITU 1993 Ail rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photoco
3、pying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU. STD.ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 3993 H 4062573 Ob82248 Lbb m INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN LOCAL NETWORKS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 General 2 3 Outline of the publication History of local network evolution CHAPTER II LOCAL NETWORK ARCHITE
4、CTURE AND PLANNING FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES 1 General concepts 2 Technology aspects 2.1 Switching evolution 2. i. 1 Main features of switching equipment 2.1.2 Evolution trends in switching 2.1.3 Incidence of switching technology on transmission network design 2.1.4 Planning issues 2.
5、 i .5 Operation and maintenance aspects, quality of service 2.2 Digital and optical fibre based transmission technologies 2.2. I Advances of digital technology 2.2.2 Optical fibre based technology 2.3.1 Point-to-point radio links 2.3.2 Multiple Access Radio Systems 2.3.3 2.3.4 Satellite Systems 2.3.
6、5 Conclusion 2.4 Digital multiplexing hierarchies 2.4.1 Plesiochronous Digid Hierarchy 2.4.2 Synchronous Digitai Hierarchy 2.3 Radio based digitai systems Terrestrial Line of Sight systems 2.5 Transmission media options 3 Architecture and network evolution 3.1 Local Network physical model 3.2 Networ
7、k architecture 3.2.1 Basic network topologies 3.2.2 3.3 ISDN 3.3.1 3.3.2 Architectural Model 3.3.3 Standard channels 3.2.1 Service Provisioning 3.4 Broadband aspects of ISDN 3.4.1 Preview 3.4.2 Basic principles 3.4.3 3.4.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 3.5.1 Fibre In The Loop 3.5.2 Corporate Network In
8、terconnection 3.5.3 Personal Communications Networks 3.6 Packet switching evolution 3.6.1 Frame Relay 3.6.2 Wide-band Packet Technology Incidence of SDH in the network architecture The ISDN concept and requirements Transfer mode and routing concepts 3.5 Access network evolutionary trends 4 Network m
9、anagement III 5 The planning process 5.1 New technology and network planning 5.2 Service demand and traffic forecasting 5.2.1 General Aspects 5.2.2 Demand Forecasting 5.2.3 Traffic Forecasting 5.3 Elaboration of development plans 5.3.1 Scope 5.3.2 General objectives 5.3.3 Internal and external facto
10、rs 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 Economic evaluation 5.3.7 Equipment provisioning 5.3.8 Link and network upgrade 5.3.9 Concluding remarks Major network evolution for introducing new technologies Definition of medium and long term development scenarios CHAPTER III 1 General TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 2 C
11、ables 2.1 Metallic cables 2.1.1 General 2.1.2 Performance of metallic cables 2.2.1 General 2.2.2 Optical cable description 2.2.3 Performance of optical fibres 2.2 Optical cables 3 Optical components 3.1 Optical sources 3.1.1 Lasers 3.1.2 Light emitting diodes (LED) 3.1.3 Applications 3.2 Optical det
12、ectors 3.3 Optical connectors 3.4 WDWfilters 3.5 Optical coupler 3.6 Optical switches 3.7 Optical attenuators 3.8 Optical amplification techniques 4 Optical transmission techniques 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Digital transmission techniques 4.3 Analog transmission techniques 4.4 Multiplexing techniques for
13、 optical transmission 4.5 Coherent optical transmission techniques ISDN access techniques and Wide-band Packet Technology 5.1 ISDN Basic Rate Access 5.2 ISDN Primary Rate Access 5.4 Wide-band Packet Technology 5.4.1 Treatment of Speech 5.4.2 Data 5.4.3 Congestion control 5.4.4 Transmission technique
14、s 5 5.3 B-ISDN Access 6 Fibre-In-The-Loop and Passive Optical Networks 6.1 FITL characteristics STD*ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 2993 4862591 Ob82250 814 W 6.2 FITL architectures 6.2.1 Fibre-To-The-Curb 6.2.2 Fibre-To-The-Building 6.2.3 Fibre-To-The-Home 6.3.1 General characteristics 6.3.2 Transmission syste
15、m overview 6.3.3 Wavelength application 6.3.4 Optical attentuation 6.3.5 Transport delay 6.3.6 PON system management 6.3.7 The TDMA frame smcture 6.3.8 BTS ranging 6.3.9 Transmission montioring 6.3 A typical PON description 6.4 Network evolution 7 Distributed access 8 Customers premises networks 8.1
16、 General 8.2 Planning 8.3 Design 8.3.1 Functional Modularity 8.3.2 Configuration 8.3.3 Performance 8.4 Communications media 8.5 Applications of Customer Premises Network 8.5.1 LAN 8.5.2 PABX 8.5.3 ISDN 8.5.4 B-ISDN 8.5.5 Intelligent Buildings 9 Performance 9.1 Emr performance 9.2 Jitter and wander C
17、HAPTER IV IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES 1 General introduction 2 Fibre-To-“he-Homekurb trials. 2.1 Fibre-to-the-Home Trials in the United States of America 2. I. I Background 2.1.2 Fibre-to-the Home Costs 2. I .3 2. I .4 Standards Issues 2. I .5 Future Developments 2.2.1 Background 2.2.2 System Configurat
18、ion 2.2.3 Field Trials 2.2.4 Engineering Design 2.2.5 Powering 2.2.6 Consiruction 2.2.7 Installation and Assignment 2.2.8 Repair 2.2.9 Conclusion 2.3 British Telecom Bishops Stortford fibre trials 2.3.1 Background 2.3.2 System Configuration Selected Fibre-to-the Home Projects 2.2 Digital Loop Carrie
19、r Based FTTH System STD-ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 1773 13 1862593 Ob82251 750 E 3 4 2.3.3 Operational Trial Support System 2.3.4 Maintenance 2.3.5 Training 2.3.6 Results to Date 2.3.7 Conclusion 2.4 Fibre-to-the-Home triais in the Netherlands 2.4.1 Background 2.4.2 Network Structure 2.4.3 Costs 2.4.4 Plan
20、ning 2.4.5 2.4.6 Conclusion 2.5 Pilot Projects for Fibre-in-the-Loop Systems in Germany 2.5.1 Background 2.5.2 Objectives of the OPAL Pilot Projects 2.5.3 Provisionally Selected Optical Fibre Network Topologies/Architectres for Pilot Projects 2.5.4 OPAL 1 and 2 Pilot Projects 2.5.5 OPAL 3 and 7 Pilo
21、t Projects 2.5.6 OPAL 4,5 and 6 Pilot Projects 2.5.7 Conclusion 3.1 The French telecommunication network : From narrowband to broadband ISDN 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 Conclusion 3.2 A Multiplex solution for initial ISDN provision 3.2.1 Background 3.2.2 Access Network 3.2.3 Signalling Requirements 3.2.
22、4 3.2.5 System Description 3.2.6 Future Developments 3.2.7 Conclusion 3.3 Project Atmospheric : ATM based broadband network 3.3.1 Background 3.3.2 Network Infrastructure 3.3.3 Considerations Impacting Project Strategy 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 The Atmospheric Project Model 3.3.7 Conclusion 3.4 Field trial o
23、f Project BERKOM for B-ISDN 3.4.1 Background 3.4.2 The BERKOM Test Network 3.4.3 BERKOM Reference Model 3.4.4 Layers 2-4 3.4.5 Upper Layers Stolen Field Trial and Follow-Up ISDN/B-ISDN The introduction of narrowband ISDN 4 Evolution of the transmission network 5 An evolution scenario towards B-ISDN
24、Analysis of the Multiplex Solution Reference Configuration Proposed by Atmospheric An immediate Application: Interconnection of Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks : Switched Multi-megabit Data Service Trials in the USA 4.1 Background 4.2 Standards used to support Switched Multi-megabit D
25、ata Service 4.3 Trial applications 4.3.1 INTEROP Trial 4.3.2 INTERNET Trial 4.3.3 Local Exchange Carrier Trials 4.4 Conclusions VI STD*ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL L993 48b2591 Ob82252 b97 m 5 Cable Television systems : Field trial of CATV Network Using Optical Amplifiers 5.1 Background 5.2 System configurat
26、ion 5.3 Considerations 5.4 Bandwidth 5.5 Alternatives 5.6 Design philosophy 5.7 Fibre to the Line Extender 5.8 Optimizing cost 5.9 Mini-headend 5.10 Optimizing the design 5.1 1 Design issues 5.12 Backfeeding 5. i3 Conclusion 6. Radio/CeUular systems 6. i Cellular environment of lightweighr handheld
27、portables in the United Kingdom 6. i. 1 Background 6. i .2 Portable Technology 6.1.3 Microcellular Structures 6.1.4 Picocells 6.1.5 Conclusion 6.2 Application of point-to-multipoint TDMA Microwave radio systems in the Canadian Local Network 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Description of the Technique 6.2.3
28、 Application and Services 6.2.4 6.2.5 Conclusion Main Characteristics of point-to-multipoint TDMA Systems 7 Satellite systems : Field triai demonstration of ISDN via satellite 7.1 Background 7.2 ISDN and satellites 7.3 COMSAT testbed 7.4 Conclusion 8 References GLOSSARY VI1 STD-ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 1
29、993 II 4862573 0682253 523 101 CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION 1 General This publication has been prepared in order to provide guidance to administrations and operators on matters associated with the applications of existing and emerging technologies in local networks. Over a very long period, practically du
30、ring the past century, connections between telephone customers and the local exchange have been made using copper wires. This part of the telecommunication network is usually known as the “local network“ and each of these connections as a “local loop“. For many generations of engineers, the problems
31、 concerned with local network technology were mainly limited to design, engineering and instailation of telephone cables in local areas. Methods of local network planning, optimization and minimisation of costs have been described in the CCITT handbooks, prepared by its Special Autonomous Groups (GA
32、S), for example : - Local Telephone Networks (GAS 2). published in 1968, - Local Network Planning (GAS 3). published in 1977, - General Network Planning (GAS 3), published in 1983. Related matters bave also ais0 addressed in publications dedicated to particular aspects of the network, e. g switching
33、 systems, rural telecommunication network planning, and so on. Other CCITT publications partially cover aspects related to the implementation of new technologies in the local network. Among them, the following publications on optical fibres can be quoted : - Optical fibres for telecommunications, CC
34、ITT, Geneva, 1984 - Optical fibre systems planning guide, CCIT, Geneva, 1989 - Construction, instailation, jointing and protection of optical fibre cables, CCIT, Geneva, i 990. During the past 20 years many technological changes have occurred that affected the nature and design of the local telephon
35、e network. Having in mind the wide and extensive deployment of modem technologies in local networks in many counuies ,and the very rapid progress in this field, Study Group XV has prepared this publication to provide some guidance for administrations and operators in selecting solutions for their ne
36、tworks, responding to a specific question assigned to it by the CCIT D( Plenary Assembly (Melbourne, 1988). It is not the intention of this document to update the above mentioned publications but to briefly review the trends in telecommunication technologies and how they can be used in the local net
37、work. In the last two decades it has been shown that technologies originally applied for long haul trunk transmission may be also economical in local networks. It should be noted that this publication considers technical solutions which are in a state of rapid development and that CCITT standardizat
38、ion in this field has not been completed. STD-ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 1993 m 486Z593 0682254 4bT W 2 The telephone local network is over 100 years old (from the registration of the telephone invention by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876). The paper insulated twisted copper pair cable design was created and
39、 standardized in 1887. In the early 1890s, the main distribution frame for terminating and connecting cable pairs in central offices was invented. At the same time, the invention of the centrai battery power supply dictated the shape of the local network, which remained without significant changes u
40、p to the second half of this century. Innovations in the local network were mainly confined to improve the quality of copper pair cables and costs optimization methods. These improvements efficiently minimize the costs of local networks and perhaps made this p.uz of the network resistant to technolo
41、gical changes over many years. Advances in electronics allowed the introduction of amplifiers into long distance trunks in the 1920s. The next important step was the introduction of amplitude modulated carrier systems. However, these innovations were still too expensive to be used for local networks
42、. Some attempts were made to apply carrier systems in long rural loops in the 1950s, but the costs of these early systems were too high for practical widespread deployment. Multi channel carrier cable systems were introduced in the 1960s and continue to be used in long rural loops. The development o
43、f digital transmission techniques in the early 1960s was a significant turning point, potentially leading to a reduction of costs. In the 1970s, the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) technology was inuoduced. Primary rate systems were not economical for lines shorter than 20 to 25 km; further advances of
44、electronics allowed the reduction of this distance to 6 to 8 km by the early 1980s, giving the possibility of some applications in the local network. Another important turning point happened in the 1980s. Optical fibres began to be introduced in telecommunication networks, firstly multi-mode and the
45、n single mode. Optical cables were also used in the local network, mainly in field trials, sometimes for specific applications (e. g for Cable TV). These experiments demonstrated the peculix characteristics of optical fibre cables usage in this part of the network and the related problems. Optical f
46、ibres offer an enormous bandwidth in small sized cables and, in association with digitai transmission systems, they can support a wide range of different services. These two technologies enable a wide variety of customer services. To the network operator they offer the possibility of new network con
47、figurations, which are less expensive, easier to operate and maintain. In addition to the cable systems, radio systems are also used in local networks particularly in situations when there are some obstacles (like mountains, rivers, lakes) or difficulties in reaching customers (isolated settlements)
48、 or when mobile telephones are required. The importance of radio systems is still growing in this field of application. Modern means of wireless communications, used to provide connections over the last 200 metres to the customer premises may change the shape of local networks and give the additiona
49、l possibility of mobile communication services. Radiocommunication standards have been developed outside Study Group XV and so this subject is only briefly covered in this publication. History of Local Network evolution 2 STD-ITU-T HDBK INT-ENGL 1793 W 4862572 0682255 3Tb 0 3 Outline of the publication This publication concentrates on transmission systems with only a brief review of the influence of switching technology, since this suject is outside the field of competence of Study Group XV. This publication is organized in 4 chapters covering the following topics: - Ch
