1、INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CON SU LTATIVE COMMITTEE DIRECTIVES concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines VOLUME III CAPACITIVE, INDUCTIVE AND CONDUCTIVE COU
2、PLING: PHYSICAL THEORY AND CALC U LATI ON M ETHODS Geneva 1989 m 48b2593 0680082 788 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE COMM ITTEE DIRECTIVES concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric pow
3、er and electrified railway lines VOLUME III CAPACITIVE, INDUCTIVE AND CONDUCTIVE COUPLING: PHYSICAL THEORY AND CALC U LATI ON M ETH ODS Geneva 1989 ISBN 92-61 -04041 -1 PREFACE The rapid development of new technologies in telecommunications, electric power transmission and distrib- ution, and electr
4、ic railway systems has made the earlier issue of the Directives (1960 edition) out-of-date and this former issue is therefore being replaced completely. The present Directives (1988 edition) have been established by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CC17T) to give cle
5、ar advice on how adverse electromagnetic effects on telecommunications lines from nearby electric power or electric railway installations may be minimized. nie Directives have been based on the latest information that is available. The new Directives have been prepared in close cooperation with the
6、following international organizations : - the International Union of Railways (UIC) - the International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE). Representatives from these organizations have participated in preparation of the text of the Directives. The two organizations support th
7、e underlying principles from which these texts have been derived, and the guidelines in the Directives which have been given. Such guidelines normally relate to general cases which are described. It is left to national organizations to establish more detailed regulations which apply to particular ca
8、ses. The new Directives are divided into a series of separate volumes, each dealing with a particular part of the complete subject. Each volume can be used independently. Modem calculation methods which are suitable for compu- ter techniques have been incorporated. Numerical values are used to defin
9、e desirable limits which should be followed when the recommended technical measures are taken. In general, it should not be necessary to exceed these limits, although some special cases may arise where it is either uneconomical or impractical to do so (e.g. in narrow valleys). In such cases, mutual
10、agree- ment based on the principles set out in the Directives should be reached. Guidance on administration, economic and particularly legislation matters have been omitted deliberately since they are considered to be outside the technical scope of the advice given in the new Directives. In conseque
11、nce, the rules of procedure which should be followed by telecommunications operators, and electric power and electric rail- way authorities have not been covered. Nevertheless, the three international organizations which have worked together to produce the new Direc- tives, CCIT, UIC and CIGRE, reco
12、mmend that : ?Telecommunications, electric power and electric railway authorities should work together closely and fol- low the new Directives when seeking solutions to mutual problems. The solutions chosen should be those most accept- able and economical overall, and should not confer undue advanta
13、ges to any participant. We, the undersigned, representing the three organizations, CCIT, UIC and CIGRE, support the work done jointly on behalf of our organizations in producing these Directives. We recommend these Directives to members of CCIT, UIC and CIGRE who seek solutions to mutual disturbance
14、 problems.? Th. IRMER Director of the CClT J. BOULEY Secretary-General of UIC G. LEROY Secretary-General of CZGRE R 48b2592 0680084 550 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 . Introduction Aim and scope of the Directives Structure of the Directives . 1.2.1 Content of individual volumes . 1.2.2 Use of the Dire
15、ctives 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.1 1.2 When studying coupling processes in general . When establishing standards or similar regulations . When dealing with danger and disturbance problems in practice . Introduction to Volume III 1.3.1 The contents of Volume III 1.3.2 The readers of Volume III 1.3 CH
16、AFER 2 - Remarks on electromagnetic fields . 2.1 Mathematical background . 2.1.1 Definitions . 2.1.2 Vector anaiysis identities . 2.1.3 Integral theorems . 2.1.4 Phasors . 2.1.5 The Dirac Delta The laws of electromagnetic phenomena . 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 Maxwell equations . Charge conse
17、rvation . Energy conservation: the Poynting theorem . Continuity (boundary) conditions . Stokes and Gauss lows . 2.2.5.1 Introduction 2.2.5.2 Stokes law . 2.2.5.3 Gauss law . 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 6 11 11 11 11 11 12 14 16 16 16 17 18 20 u) 20 20 Table of contents V I 4862573 Ob80085 493 2.3 Relations
18、 in homogeneous media Artifcial sources simulating boundary conditions 2.3.1 2.3.2 General case . 2.3.3 Quasi static approximation . 2.3.4 Static problems 2.3.4.1 Introduction 2.3.4.2 Static problems in dielectrics 2.3.4.3 Static problems in conductors . 2.4 Fields on cylindrical structures 2.4.1 Ge
19、neral case . 2.4.2 TEM and quasi TEM modes . Bibliography (for Chapter 2) CHAFTEiR 3 . Equivalent circuits: parameters and equations . The need of circuit theory . 3.1 3.2 General definition of the parameters of the equivalent circuit 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 The procedure to calculate the equivalent
20、 circuit parameters from the field quantities . The validity of quasi static hypothesis in evaluating the field quantities . Remarks on energetic relations expressed by means of fields . Remarks on energetic relations in circuits 3.2.4.1 Single circuit . 3.2.4.2 Coupled circuits Circuit parameters a
21、s function of field quantities 3.2.5.1 Single circuit . 3.2.5.2 Coupled circuits 3.2.6 The phase independence for quasi static parameters . The parameters of the equivalent circuit 3.3.1 Introduction . 3.3.2 Quasi static parameters 3.3.2.1 General . 3.3.2.2 The self elements R and L . 3.3.2.2.1 Gene
22、ral 3.3.2.2.2 The resistance R 3.3.2.2.3 The inductance L . 3.2.5 3.3 Page 21 21 21 23 25 25 25 26 26 26 28 31 33 33 33 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 43 VI Table of contents irBb25b Ob8OOBb 323 = 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 3.3.2.5 The elements C and G . 3.3.2.3.1 General 3.3.2.3.2 The capa
23、citance C . 3.3.2.3.3 The conductance G The mutual elements R approximated values Page 196 197 198 198 199 200 201 201 202 203 206 206 207 207 209 211 212 212 212 213 220 220 223 226 226 227 Table of contents XII1 W 48b2591 Ob80093 563 5.3.3.3.2.1 Longitudinal line parameters 5.3.3.3.2.2 Transversal
24、 line parameters 5.3.3.3.2.3 Longitudinal sources 5.3.3.3.2.4 Transversal sources 5.3.3.3.2.5 Approximations Line parameters and external sources: exact values . 5.3.3.3.3.1 5.3.3.3.3 Development of the solution for lines with distributed parameters Development of the solution for lines with lumped
25、parameters . Comparision and equivalent values The exact values for line parameters and external sources 5.3.3.3.3.2 5.3.3.3.3.3 5.3.3.3.3.4 5.3.3.3.4 Passive and active elements . 5.3.3.3.4.1 General 5.3.3.3.4.2 Longitudinal passive elements 5.3.3.3.4.3 Transversal passive elements 5.3.3.3.4.4 Long
26、itudinal active elements 5.3.3.3.4.5 Transversal active elements 5.3.3.3.4.6 Other configurations . 5.3.3.4 Calculation procedure . 5.4 Non sinusoidal excitation 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Periodical excitation . 5.4.3 Arbitrary transient excitation Bibliography (for Chapter 5) CHAPTER 6 . Screening action
27、 . 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definition and use of the screening factor . 6.2.1 Definition of the screening factor . 6.2.2 The use and the usefulness of the screening factor 6.3 Inductive screening . 6.3.1 General Page 227 227 227 228 228 229 229 230 230 231 231 231 232 233 236 238 241 241 244 244 244 24
28、5 246 247 247 247 247 252 253 253 XIV Table of contents - 4b259L Ob80094 YTT 6.3.2 Application to coaxial structures 6.3.2.1 General . 6.3.2.2 Non ferromagnetic sheath . 6.3.2.3 Non ferromagnetic sheath surrounded by ferromagnetic tapes . 6.3.2.3.1 General 6.3.2.3.2 Calculation of the inductance of
29、the mouring 6.3.2.4 Remarks on ferromagnetic sheath . 6.4 Capacitive screening . Screening factor in the case of inducing and screening systems mutually coup1 ed 6.4.1 General 6.4.2 6.4.2.1 General . 6.4.2.2 The screening system is insulated and the induced system is insulated 6.4.2.3 The screening
30、system in insulated and the induced system is earthed 6.4.2.4 The screening system is earthed and the induced system is insulated 6.4.2.5 The screening system is earthed and the induced system is earthed . 6.4.3 Screening factor in the case of screening and induced systems mutually coupled 6.4.3.1 G
31、eneral . 6.4.3.2 The screening system is insulated and the induced system is insulated 6.4.3.3 The screening system is insulated and the induced system is earthed 6.4.3.4 The screening system is earthed and the induced system is insulated 6.4.3.5 The screening system is earthed and the induced syste
32、m is earthed . 6.4.4 Resuming tables . 6.4.5 Application to coaxial structures Bibliography (for Chapter 6) Page 256 256 256 258 258 261 262 263 263 265 265 265 266 266 267 268 268 268 269 269 269 270 270 271 Table of contents xv 4862573 0680095 336 CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and scope of the Dir
33、ectives The present Directives supersede the 1963 edition approved by the 2nd Plenary Assembly of CCiT in New Deihi 1960. The 1963 Directives were amended in 1965, 1974, 1978 and 1982. They provided a comprehensions description of electromagnetic effects due to the close proximity of telecommunicati
34、on lines to power and electrified railway systems, containing regularly updated findings in this field and reflecting the current state of the art. Analyses have shown, however, that in spite of these advantages, the 1%3 Directives are. not used as widely as expected. The main reasons for this are b
35、elieved to be that the 1963 Directives form a very bulky book which is hard to handle and in which theoretical considerations tend to prevail over practical advice. calculation methods and the related models were developed before modem computer technology was available. Since the 1963 Directives ref
36、lected the principal arrangements which appeared in the originai first issue in 1925, many cross-references became necessary as new clauses were added. In consequence, the 7th Plenary Assembly of CCllT in Geneva 1980 decided to revise the 1963 Directives completely and entrusted Study Group V with t
37、he task of producing new Directives for publication in 1988. The new Directives are intended to meet a number of requirements, particularly those sought by engineers in the field. Nevertheless, the valuable background advice contained in the 1963 Directives is retained and even expanded wherever rel
38、evant. As a result, the new Directives should be useful: - to practising engineers who seek guidelines on how to deal with danger and disturbance problems; - to scientists end researchers who need a reference book with the most recent findings; - to students who require a textbook with which to beco
39、me acquainted with electromagnetic coupling phenomena: - to Administrations which need to have a basis to form national reguiations and standards. The new Directives have been prepared as a result of close collaboration between many members of CCTT, CIGRE and the UIC. They therefore describe technic
40、al methods for solving mutual problems which are recognized by these international organizations and which should facilitate coordination between member organizations in user countries. The principal object of the new Directives is to describe ways in which adverse effects from power transmission an
41、d distribution lines or from elecmfied railway lines onto telecommunication lines can be reduced or avoided. Such effects may result in danger to personnel, damage to telecommunication equipment, deterioration of telecommunication transmission quality or to disturbance of signalling. Although the ad
42、vice given in the new Directives has been described for public telecommunication networks, the basic principles have a more general application, and owners of other networks should decide whether they can be adapted to their own needs. Vdume II - Chap. 1 1 4862533 0680096 272 1.2 Structure of the Di
43、rectives 1.2.1 Content of individual volumes The new Directives are divided into 9 volumes, each dealing with a separate part of the overall subject matter. The series is made up as follows: Volume I “Design, construction and operational principles of telecommunication, power and electrified railway
44、 facilities“ describes these systems and shows why conditions for their mutual coexistence must be established. Volume II “Calculating induced voltages and currents in practical cases“ describes the methods for evaluating voltages and currents resulting from capacitive, inductive and conductive coup
45、ling in a variety of common1 y-encountered situations. Volume III “Capacitive, inductive and conductive coupling: physical theory and calculation methods“ gives an account of the physical laws governing the relevant phenomena together with mathematical models, and introduces a precise calculation me
46、thod to evaluate voltages and currents resulting from couplings. Volume IV “Inducing currents and voltages in electrified railway systems“ describes traction systems using d.c. and a.c. at various frequencies (16 2/3 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz etc.) in normal operation and under fault conditions. Volume V “In
47、ducing currents and voltages in power transmission and distribution systems“ describes unbalanced power systems in normal operation and under fault conditions. Volume VI “Danger and disturbance“ considers the risk to both equipment and people. Volume VI1 “Protective measures and safety precautions“
48、describes methods which are commonly used to ensure satisfactory working and operating conditions. Volume VI11 “Protective devices“ gives the latest information on devices which may be used to improve safety standards or reduce disturbance of telecommunication systems. Volume IX “Testing methods and
49、 measuring apparatus“ describes the methods and apparatus used to determine parameters required for coupling calculations, and to verify the satisfactory operation of protective measures. In addition it deals with testing methods taking into account modem practices in other fields of electromagnetic compatibility (e.g. lightning, high frequency disturbances). The volumes overlap to some extent deliberately. This limits the need to consult several volumes simultaneously when resolving practical problems. Calculation methods for evaluating voltages and currents induced into lines a
