1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T K.100 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (12/2014) SERIES K: PROTECTION AGAINST INTERFERENCE Measurement of radio frequency electromagnetic fields to determine compliance with human exposure limits when a base
2、station is put into service Recommendation ITU-T K.100 Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) i Recommendation ITU-T K.100 Measurement of radio frequency electromagnetic fields to determine compliance with human exposure limits when a base station is put into service Summary Recommendation ITU-T K.100 provides
3、information on measurement techniques and procedures for assessing compliance with the general public electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure limits when a new base station (BS) is put into service, taking into account effects of the environment and other relevant radio frequency sources present in i
4、ts surrounding. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T K.100 2014-12-07 5 11.1002/1000/12290 _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/
5、handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Secto
6、r (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every
7、four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview,
8、the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary
9、. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the ne
10、gative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the
11、use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendati
12、on, had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.
13、itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2
14、Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 3 5 Assessment procedure 4 6 EUT data collection 5 7 Simplified assessment procedures 6 8 Measurement area selection 9 9 Measurement . 11 9.1 Measurement equipment 11 9.2 Measured quantity 12 9.3 General exposure assessment . 12 9
15、.4 Comprehensive exposure assessment . 12 9.5 Exposure contribution of ambient sources . 14 9.6 Determination of the total exposure ratio . 15 10 Uncertainty . 15 Appendix I RF field strength measurement equipment requirements 18 Appendix II Guidance on comprehensive measurements for specific techno
16、logies 19 II.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 19 II.2 CDMA/WCDMA technology 19 II.3 ODFM technology 20 Appendix III Maximum exposure location for BS in line of sight . 22 Appendix IV Exposure limits . 23 IV.1 Introduction 23 IV.2 General description of exposure limits . 23 IV.3 ICNIRP exposure limits . 23 A
17、ppendix V Averaging time reduction . 26 V.1 Introduction 26 V.2 Rationale and methodology 26 V.3 Results and discussion 26 Bibliography. 28 Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) 1 Recommendation ITU-T K.100 Measurement of radio frequency electromagnetic fields to determine compliance with human exposure limits
18、 when a base station is put into service 1 Scope This Recommendation specifies the measurement procedure to assess compliance with general public electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits for a base station (BS) operating in the frequency range 100 MHz-40 GHz when it is put into service in its ope
19、rational environment. Simplified assessment procedures are provided to identify those installations that are known to be compliant with EMF exposure limits without measurements. With its specific focus on measurements, this Recommendation complements the existing ITU-T K-series Recommendations. Cont
20、act currents, due to contact with conductive objects irradiated by electromagnetic fields, are not covered in this Recommendation. For commercial market base station products, there could be other requirements specified by the manufacturer that might need to be fulfilled. For such types of product t
21、esting, this Recommendation is also not applicable. Where national laws, standards or guidelines on exposure limits to EMF exist and provide procedures that are at variance with this Recommendation, the pertinent national laws, standards or guidelines shall take precedence over the procedures provid
22、ed in this Recommendation. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other refere
23、nces are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference t
24、o a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T K.52 Recommendation ITU-T K.52 (2004), Guidance on complying with limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields. ITU-T K.61 Recommendation ITU-T K.61 (2003), Guidance to m
25、easurement and numerical prediction of electromagnetic fields for compliance with human exposure limits for telecommunication installations. ITU-T K.70 Recommendation ITU-T K.70 (2007), Mitigation techniques to limit human exposure to EMFs in the vicinity of radiocommunication stations. ITU-T K.83 R
26、ecommendation ITU-T K.83 (2011), Monitoring of electromagnetic field levels. ITU-T K.91 Recommendation ITU-T K.91 (2012), Guidance for assessment, evaluation and monitoring of human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. ITU-R SM ITU-R Handbook (2011). Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring. E
27、N 50383 CENELEC EN 50383:2010, Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems (110 MHz - 40 GHz). 2 Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) EN 50400
28、CENELEC EN 50400:2006, Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restriction or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnet
29、ic fields, when put into service. EN 50401 CENELEC EN 50401:2006, Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restriction or the reference levels related to general pub
30、lic exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service. EN 50492 CENELEC EN 50492:2008, Basic standard for the in-situ measurement of electromagnetic field strength related to human exposure in the vicinity of base stations. IEC 62232 IEC 62232 ed. 1.0 (2011), Determination of
31、 RF field strength and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere None. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 ambient source: A radio frequen
32、cy (RF) source operating in the frequency range from 8.3 kHz to 300 GHz generating electromagnetic fields other than the emission from the equipment under test (EUT). 3.2.2 assessment domain boundary (ADB): Boundary surrounding an antenna of the equipment under test (EUT) outside of which measuremen
33、ts do not need to be conducted. The ADB defines the maximum possible measurement area where the source is considered to be relevant. 3.2.3 base station (BS): Fixed equipment for radio transmission used in cellular communication and/or wireless installation for local area networks. For the purpose of
34、 this Recommendation, the term base station includes all radio transmitter(s) and associated antenna(s). 3.2.4 compliance boundary: Boundary defining a volume outside which the radio frequency (RF) exposure from the equipment under test (EUT) is below the exposure limit. 3.2.5 domain of investigatio
35、n (DI): Sub-domain within the assessment domain boundary (ADB) to which the general public have access. 3.2.6 equipment under test (EUT): The base station that shall be put into service, including all transmitting antennas (operating in the frequency range 100 MHz to 40 GHz). 3.2.7 equivalent isotro
36、pically radiated power (EIRP): The product of the power accepted by the antenna and the maximum antenna gain relative to an isotropic antenna. 3.2.8 exposure ratio (ER): The assessed exposure parameter at a specified location for each operating frequency of a radio source, expressed as the fraction
37、of the related limit. For assessment against reference levels: ER =max (E/Elim)2, (H/Hlim)2 Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) 3 In the far-field: ER = (E/Elim)2 = (H/Hlim)2 = S/Slim where S, E, and H are the root mean square (RMS) power density, electric field strength and magnetic field strength measured
38、at frequency f. Slim, Elim and Hlim are the corresponding limit at the same frequency. When exposure is evaluated for a certain frequency band (the total power density or the field strength within the frequency interval fmin,fmax is assessed), Slim, Elim or Hlim are chosen as the most stringent limi
39、ts within the band. 3.2.9 far-field formula: Formula that can be used in the far-field to evaluate the power density S: , where P is the transmitted power, G, is the gain of the antenna in the direction (,) and d is the distance from the antenna to the evaluation point. The associated electric field
40、 strength, E, and magnetic field strength, H, can be evaluated as follows: where 0 377 . If the power density is evaluated in the direction of maximum antenna gain: 3.2.10 isotropic antenna: A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions. 3.2.11 main lobe: The ra
41、diation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation. In certain antennas, such as multilobed or split-beam antennas, there may exist more than one major lobe. 3.2.12 reactive near field region: The reactive near-field of an antenna with maximum extension D is in this context defined as Max(,
42、D, ) where denotes the free space wavelength. 3.2.13 relevant source: A radio source, in the frequency range 8.3 kHz to 300 GHz, which at a given point of investigation has an ER larger than 0.05. 3.2.14 side lobe: A radiation lobe in any direction other than the main lobe. 3.2.15 total exposure rat
43、io (TER): The sum of Exposure ratios (ERs) of the equipment under test (EUT) and other relevant sources. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: ADB Assessment Domain Boundary BCCH Broadcast Control Channel BS Base Station 2,4 dPGS ,300, EHdPGE
44、.4 2dEIRPS 42D4 Rec. ITU-T K.100 (12/2014) CB Compliance Boundary CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CPICH Common Pilot Channel DI Domain of Investigation EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power EMF Electromagnetic Field ER Exposure Ratio EUT Equipment Under Test FDMA Frequency Division Multipl
45、e Access GSM Global System for Mobile communications ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection LTE Long Term Evolution OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel RBW Resolution Bandwidth RF Radio Frequency RMS Root Mean Square SAR Speci
46、fic Absorption Rate SD Standard Deviation TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TER Total Exposure Ratio UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WLAN Wireless Local Area Network 5 Assessment procedure When a base station (BS), the equipment under test
47、 (EUT), is installed and put into service at a site, the procedure described in Figure 5-1 shall be used to assess compliance with exposure limits. In order to allow for accurate and efficient assessments, different routes are possible depending on the characteristic of the EUT and/or on the install
48、ation type. In some specific cases, compliance with relevant exposure limits can be assessed without the necessity of conducting measurements (for example because of the low power transmitted, or because of the position/orientation of the transmitters/antennas with respect to areas accessible to the
49、 general public, or because simpler calculation methods can be used ITU-T K.52). Both broadband and frequency selective equipment can be used for the assessment (see clause 9.1). Measurements conducted with broadband equipment, however, might lead to overly conservative results. If the exposure level in areas accessible to the general public is found to be above the limits by means of broadband measurements then compliance should be verified with frequency selective equipment.
